Term
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Definition
| Permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity |
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Term
| Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
He developed a total of 9 intelligence
To include
linguistic: knowing the meanings of words have any ability to use words to understand you ideas in using language to convey ideas to others
logical mathematical:
Understanding relations that exist among objects actions and ideas as well as the logical or the mathematical operations that can be performed on them
spatial:
Preceding object accurately imagining in the minds eye the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed
Musical:
Comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch rhythm and emotional tones
Body kinesthetic:
Using ones body in highly differentiated ways as dancers craftspeople an athletic do
Interpersonal:
Identifying different feelings moods motivations intentions and others
Intra personal:
Understanding want the motions and knowing one's strengths and weaknesses
naturalistic:
understanding the natural world distinguishing natural objects from artifacts grouping and labeling natural phenomena
Existential:
Considering ultimate issues such as the purpose of life and the nature of death |
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Term
| Goleman's Emotional Intelligence |
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Definition
| Ability to use one's own and others emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily |
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Term
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Definition
| In sternbergs theory of intelligence is the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| In sternbergs theory of intelligence is the ability to deal adaptively wirh novel situation and problems |
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Term
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Definition
In sternbergs theory of
Intelligence is the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work |
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Term
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Definition
| In intelligence testing a measure of children's performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the childs |
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Term
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Definition
| Substantially below average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18 such as Down syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words |
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Term
| Knowledge telling strategy |
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Definition
| Writing down information as it is retrieve from memory a common practice for young writers |
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Term
| Effective schools effective teachers |
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Definition
| Staff and students alike understand academic excellence is the primary goal of school and everything in the school School climate is safe and nurturant parents are involved Progress of students teachers and programs is monitored |
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Term
| Dimensions and styles of parenting |
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Definition
| 2 general dimensions of parental behavior emerge what is the degree of warm and responsiveness the parent show their children at 1 end of the spectrum or parents were openly warming affects in with your children are involved with them respond emotional needs and spend considerable amount of time with them at the other end of the spectrum or parents you're relatively its own involved with your children sometimes even hostile towards them |
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Term
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Definition
| Telling a child what to do when and why. Instead of just shouting share your candy with your brother a parent should explain when and why it's important to share with siblings |
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Term
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Definition
| Hey person's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Voluntary relationship between 2 people involving mutual liking ages 8 to 11 mutual Iiking and shared activities. Trust and assistance at this age children accept that they can depend on their friends |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes friends spend much of their time together discussing each others personal problems which is known as co-rumination girls do this more than boys co-rumination strengthens girls friendships but also put them at a much greater risk for greater depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status |
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Term
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Definition
| Unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating harassing or humiliating another child such as s bully |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are |
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Term
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Definition
| Multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time |
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Term
| The biopsychosocial framework |
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Definition
A useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development and for The 4 interactive forces are: Biological forces
psychological forces
sociocultural forces
life cycle forces |
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Term
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Definition
Include all genetic and health related factors that affect development
i.e brain maturation, puberty, and menopause may occur to you as outcomes of biological forces |
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Term
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Definition
| All internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personally factors that affect development |
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Term
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Definition
| Include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development |
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Term
| Ecological theory of development |
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Definition
| These theories are based on the idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental context in which a person develops |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's theory is an ecological theory where he divided the environment into 4 levels |
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Definition
| Microsystems mesosystem Exosystem and Macrosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| The people and objects in an individual's immediate environment parents or siblings or even daycare |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide connections across Microsystems, because what happens in 1 microsystem is likely to influence others. Perhaps you have a stressful day at work or school then you're grouchy at home. This indicates that your mesosystem is alive and well |
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Term
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Definition
| Social settings that a person may not experience first hand but still influence development. For example, changes in government policy regarding welfare may mean that the poor children may have less opportunity for enriched preschool experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| The cultures and sub cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystems are embedded. A mother, her workplace, her child, and the child's school are part of the larger cultural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| A view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework. Meaning that no single period of a person's life such as childhood, adolescence, or middle age can be understood apart from its origins and its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| One's capacity to learn and/ or improve even later in life. For example, people can learn better ways to remember information, which may help them deal with the declines in memory ability that accompany aging |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when one chooses to reduce ones involvement to fewer domains as a result of new demands or tasks, such as when a college student dropped out of some organization because the amount of work required in the courses she is taking that term |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete set of genes makes up a person's heredity and is known as a person's genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form to new individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited. For example, intelligence has a heritability coefficient of about .5 which means in about 50 percent of the differences in intelligence between people is due to heredity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup. Children who are outgoing often like to be with other people and deliberately seek them out |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of the zygote begins at fertilization and lasts 1-2 weeks. Within 24-30 hrs of fertilization a chromosone forms or fertilized egg - a zygote. Egg cell divides 36 hrs after fertilization: 2 cells 48 hrs after fertilization: 4 cells 3 days: a cluster of 16-32 cells 4 days: A hollow ball of about 100 cells 4-5 days: Zygote enters the uterus 6-7 days: Zygote begins to attach to the wall of the uterus 12-14 days: Zygote is completely implanted in the uterine wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The effort to improve the human species by allowing only certain people to mate and pass along their genes to subsequent generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once a zygote is completely embedded in the uterine wall it is called an embryo. This new period Typically begins the 3rd week after conception and lasts until the end of the eighth week. During the period of the embryo body structures and internal organs develop |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body develop first |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development. Such as alcohol aspirin caffeine cocaine and heroin marijuana and nicotine |
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Term
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Definition
| The counselor will ask about family medical history and construct a family tree for each parent to assess the odds if your child will inherit a disorder. With this information, a genetic counselor then advises perspective parents about their choices. |
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Term
| Chorionic villous sampling CVS |
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Definition
A procedure that can be used early in pregnancy in which a sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta aka the Chorion.
WIth this sample, roughly 200 different genetic disorders including Down syndrome can be detected. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 - 15 % of new mothers experience irritability, feelings of low self worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetite and apathy. The increase of high levels of hormones towards the end of the pregnancy increase this risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a fetus is in distress, the fetus is in an irregular position, or too large to pass through the birth canal a physician may decide to remove it from the mother's uterus surgically. This is done by making an incision in the abdomen to remove the baby from the uterus. A C-section is riskier for mothers than a vaginal delivery because of increased bleeding and greater danger of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| A quick assessment to approximate newborn status by focusing on the body systems needed to sustain life. The other vital signs are muscle tone, presence of reflexes, such as coughing and skin tone. Each of the 5 vital signs receive a score of 0, 1 or 2 where 2 is the optimal score. For example, a newborn whose muscles are completely limp receives a 0. The 5 scores are added together with a total score of 7 or more indicating a baby who is in good physical condition. A score of 4-6 means that the new born need special attention and care. A score of 3 or less signals a life threatening situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlearn responses are triggered by specific form of stimulation |
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Term
Rapid eye movement
aka REM |
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Definition
| Roughly half of newborns sleep is irregular or rapid eye movement sleep, a time when the body is quite active. During REM sleep newborns move their arms and legs they may grimace and their eyes may dart beneath their eyelids. Brain waves register fast activity, the heartbeat more rapidly, and breathing is more rapid. |
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Term
| Hereditary contributions to temperament |
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Definition
| Twin studies show the impact of heredity on temperament. If one identical twin is active, the other 1 usually is. One view is that a child's temperament may make some children particularly susceptible to environmental influences-- either beneficial or harmful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth is more rapid in infancy than during any other period after birth. Typically infants double their birth weight by 3 months of age and triple it by there first birthday |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain region that regulates personality and goal directed behavior. For example, your personality and your ability to make and carry out plans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat group of cells present in prenatal development that becomes the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual reduction in the number of synapsis beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence. The brain goes through its own version of downsizing weeding out unnecessary connections between neurons. |
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Term
| Experience expectant Growth |
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Definition
| Process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans. Just as a newly planted seed depends on a water filled environment for growth, a developing brain depends on environmental stimulation to fine tune circuits for vision hearing and other systems. |
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Term
| Experience dependent growth |
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Definition
| Process by which an individuals unique experiences over a lifetime affect brain structures and organizations. For example skilled cellists have extensive brain regions devoted to controlling the fingers of the left hand as their are positioned on the strings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Linking individual motions into a coherent coordinated whole. Combining the motions in proper sequence into a coherent working whole as in the case of walking. |
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Term
| Integrating sensory information |
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Definition
| Infants can recognize visually an object that they have only touched previously. Much stimulation is specific to more than 1 sense |
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Term
| Object permanence: part of Piaget's sensorimotor period |
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Definition
Piaget's term for the understanding that objects exist independently
regardless of our actions or thoughts towards them. He concluded that infants have little understanding of objects. In other words, out of sight out of mind. When interesting toys are covered so they can't be seen, young babies lose interest as if the toy doesn't exist. |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor period: infancy -2 years
Preoperational period: 2-7 yrs
Concrete operational period:
7-11yrs
Formal operational period:
11 yrs and up |
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Term
Animism
Occurs in Piaget's preoperational thinking period |
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Definition
| Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings. As in a child thinking the sun is unhappy on a cloudy day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children's belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose. Lions exist so that people can see them in a zoo. |
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Term
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Definition
| View of learning proposed by BF Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment. When a child's behavior leads to pleasant consequences the child will probably behave similarly in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents may talk about what a child did today at daycare or remind the child about what a the child will be doing this weekend. In conversations like these parents teach their children the important features of events and how events are organized. Children's auto biographical memories are richer when parents talk about past and future events in detail. |
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Term
| 1 to 1 counting principle |
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Definition
| Counting principle that states that there must be 1 and only 1 number name for each object counted. In other words, a child who counts three objects as 1,2,a understands this principle because the number of names match the number of objects to be counted even though the third name is a letter |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity. For example, when parebts and children play board games together, they share an understanding of the goals of their activity and of their roles in playing the games. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learners needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unique sounds used to create words |
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Term
| Encouraging language growth |
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Definition
| Children learn words more rapidly if their parents speak to them frequently. Parents can foster word learning by naming objects that are in the focus of a child's attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rules. I goed home instead of I went home |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring socioemotional relationship between infants and their caregivers. Children who form attachments to an adult that is an enduring socioemotional relationship are more likely to survive |
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Term
| Consequences of attachment |
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Definition
| Erickson and other theorists believe that infant-parent attachment, the first social relationship, lays the foundation for all of the infants later social relationships |
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Term
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Definition
A secure attachment is most likely when parents respond to infants predictably and
appropriately. This behavior seems to instill in infants the trust and confidence that are the hallmarks of secure attachment. This can occur regardless if the use if outside childcare. When children are enrolled in high quality daycare other factors like the type type of child care or the amount of time a child spend in childcare typically do not affect the mother child attachment relationship |
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Term
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Definition
Emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of 3 elements: a subjective feeling
a physiological change and an overt behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help interpret the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| When something freightens or confuses an infant-- for example a stranger or a mother has suddenly stopped responding, he or she often looks away |
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Term
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Definition
| It takes 2 to interact. Young children rely on parents to create opportunities for social interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| experiencing another person's feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of cultural guidelines about how 1 should behave especially with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women. However children in this stage may believe that a girl who wears her hair like a boy will be come a boy |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine. That is, once children know their gender, they pay attention primarily to experiences and events that are gender appropriate. |
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Term
| The Formal Operational Period |
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Definition
| beginning from age 11 and continues into adulthood. Upon entering this period in ones life you transition from a concrete thinker into a formal-operational thinker enabling you to analyze and make a constructive plan to achieve your goals instead as opposed to the concrete thinker that approaches things haphazardly. |
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Term
| Cognitive Self-regulation |
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Definition
| skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and accurate monitoring |
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Term
| Hierarchial View of Intelligence |
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Definition
John Carroll proposed this theory with three levels of: at the top of the chart Top Level - General Intelligence
Middle Level - Eight broad categories of intellectual skill, ranging from fluid intelligence to processing speed
Bottom Level - A further breakdown of the skill sets in the middle level to more specific skills |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the Nine within Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence. Spatial is perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the "mind's eye" the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to use one's own and others emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily |
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Term
| The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status |
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Definition
| On many intelligence tests, ethnic groups differ in their average scores: Asian Americans tend to have the highest scores, followed by European Americans. To a certain extent these differences in test scores reflect groupdifferences in socioeconomic status. Children from economically advantaged homes tend to have higher test scores. Nevertheless, when children from comparable socioeconomic status are compared, group differences in IQ test scores are reduced but not eliminated. Therefore, showing the importance of environment changes in various ethnic groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Translating print into sound. Children with reading disabilities have difficulty with phonological processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children with ADHD often act before thinking |
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Term
| Readers constantly use context to help them recognize letters and words |
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Definition
Readers also use the sentence context to speed word recognition as in these two different sentences:
The last word in this sentence is cat.
The little girl's pet dog chased the cat. |
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Term
| Manage the classroom effectively |
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Definition
| It is important for a teacher to manage his classroom effectively so that the he and the students can spend their time learning instead of disciplinary actions. |
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Term
| Gender differences in motor skills |
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Definition
| Girls tend to excel in fine motor skills such as handwriting. Girls also excel in gross motor skills that require flexibility and balance such as tumbling. On gross motor skills that emphasize strength, boys usually have the advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| That is, families form a system of interacting elements: parents and children influence one another and families are part of a much larger system that includes extended family, friends, and teachers as well as institutions that influence development. Parents influence their children, both directly (by encouraging them to study hard) and indirectly (by being generous and kind to others). Children influence their parents as well by their behaviors, attitudes, and interests, children affect how their parents behave towards them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A child's temperament can have a powerful effect on parental behavior. The first child has an "easy" temperament: she readily complies with parental requests |
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Term
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Definition
| Children adjust best to divorce when they maintain good relationships with both parents. Parents should not compete with each other for their children's love and attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| The prevalent form of abuse or maltreatment is neglect, which is most common due to poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
| New to adolescence is intimacy and this is more common among girls than boys. Girls are more likely than boys to have one exclusive "best friend" |
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Term
| Peer Pressure vs Peer influence |
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Definition
Peer pressure is not all powerful, instead peer influence is stronger when one or more of the following conditions are present:
1) youth are younger and more socially anxious
2) peers have high status
3) peers are friends
4) standards for appropriate behavior are not clear-cut |
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Term
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Definition
| punishing a child for misbehaving one day and ignoring the same behavior the next -- is associated with antisocial, aggressive behavior, paving the way for rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| watching tv can help children learn to be more generous and cooperative and have greater self-control. Youngsters who watch TV shows that emphasize prosocial behavior, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood are more likely to behave prosocially. The biggest positive influence of TV on American children has been Sesame Street |
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Term
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Definition
| When children play violent video games they often become more aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
| a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group. The different social groups that are based on variables such as gender, ethnicity, and social class. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group. The different social groups that are based on variables such as gender, ethnicity, and social class. |
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Term
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Definition
| A typical 6 to 10 year old gains about 5-7 lbs and grows 2-3 inches. In contrast, during the peak of the adolescent growth spurt, a girl may gain as much as 14-15 lbs in a year and a boy 16-17 lbs. |
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Term
| 3 view of the timing of Maturity in boys |
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Definition
| 1)The early maturing boys dated more often and had more positive feelings about their physical development and their athletic abilities. 2) "off-time hypothesis" for boys in this view, being early or late is stressful for boys, who strongly prefer to be "on time" in their physical development. 3) another view is that puberty per se is stressful for boys but the timingg is not |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent refusal to eat accompanied by an irrational fear of being . This often leads to heart damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| disease in which people alternate between binge eating--periods when they eat uncontrollably--and purging with laxatives or self induced vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| disease in which people alternate between binge eating--periods when they eat uncontrollably--and purging with laxatives or self induced vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroid use can damage the liver, reproductive system, skeleton, and cardiovascular system (increasing blood pressure and cholesterol levels) |
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Term
| Illusion of invulnerability |
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Definition
| Young adults, mostly boys have the illusion of invulnerability |
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Term
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Definition
| an argument that is irrelevant to the discussion. If one adolescent is arguing that Grey's Anatomy is the best TV show ever, a peer's ad hominem argument would be to say. "You only think that because your sister is a surgical intern." This statement may be true but it's irrelevant to the debate about the quality of the TV show. |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning: |
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Definition
Level 1: Preconventional - where moral reasoning is based on external forces. Individuals do what authorities say is right to avoid being punished.
Level 2: Conventional Level - where moral reasoning is based on society norms. In other words, people's moral reasoning is largely determined by others' expectations of them.
Level 3: Postconventional Level -in which morality is based on a personal moral code. As in Schindlers' final choices. The emphasis is no longer on external forces like punishment, reward, or social roles. |
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Term
| Marcia's Four Identity Statuses |
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Definition
| Diffusion - the individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and does little to accomplish this task. Foreclosure - the individual has a status determined by adults rather than by personal exploration...my dad expects me to be a lawyer. Moratorium - The individual is examining different alternatives but has yet to find one that's satisfactory. Achievement - the individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific identity. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Initially, adolescents have not examined their ethnic roots.
2) in the second phase, adolescents begin to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage.
3)In the third phase, individuals achieve a distinct ethnic self-concept. One Asian American adolescent explained his ethnic identification like this: "I have been born Filipino and am born to be Filipino...I'm here in America, and people of many different cultures are here, too. So I don't consider myself only Filipino, but also American. |
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Term
| Self-Esteem in Adolescence |
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Definition
| Self-esteem sometimes drops when children move from elementary school to middle school or junior high. As a new school becomes familiar and students gradually adjust to the new pecking order, self-esteem again increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children's self worth is greater when they are skilled in areas they value. Children's and adolescents' self-worth is also affected by how others view them, particularly other people who are important to them. |
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Term
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Definition
One of the most important factors contributing to dating violence is alcohol. Heavy drinking usually impairs a female's ability to send a clear message regarding her intentions and makes males less able and less inclined to interpret such messages. In addition, boys are more likely to perpetrate dating violence if their friends are doing it. Most colleges and universities offer workshops on date rape. These workshops often emphasize the importance of communication.
1) Know your own sexual policies |
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Term
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Definition
| second phase in Super's theory of career development in which adolescents learn more about specific lines of work and begin training. i.e. the teen who likes math may have learned more about careers and decided she wants to be an Accountant. |
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Term
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Definition
| third phase in Super's theory of career development, in which individuals actually enter the workforce. |
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Term
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Definition
| view proposed by Holland that people find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job or profession fit the worker's personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents who drink to reduce their tension can profit from therapy designed to teach them more effective means of coping with stress. School based programs that are interactive--featuring student led discussion can be effective in teaching the facts about drinking and strategies for resisting peer pressure to drink. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children who are less able to regulate their emotions are, as adolescents, more prone to depression. Depression-prone adolescents are more prone to blame themselves for failure. Psychotherapy is a better choice for treating depressed adolescents. |
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Term
| Adolescent-limited antisocial behavior |
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Definition
| The behavior of youth who engage in relatively minor criminal acts but aren't consistently antisocial. These youth may become involved in petty crimes, such as shoplifting or using drugs, but may be careful to follow all school rules. As the name implies, their antisocial behavior is short lived, usually vanishing in late adolescence or early adulthood. |
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