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Definition
| Developed in middle to late childhood, it is the ability to assume other people’s perspective and understand their thoughts and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
global self-evaluations of the self
How you view yourself
reflects perceptions that do not always match reality such as intelligence or attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| domain-specific evaluations of the self- athletic self confidence, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
Albert Bandura:
Self-efficacy = “I can”
Helplessness = “I cannot” |
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Term
| Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority |
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Definition
middle to late childhood
Industry: Interest and then going out to do it, explore, do things for themselves
Inferiority: When out exploring and parents says making a mess, parental reaction results in guilt, ect. Social environmental plays big role in development |
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Term
Preconventional Reasoning
Kohlberg |
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Definition
Lowest level of moral reasoning
Good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments, which controls moral reasoning
Stage 1: Heteronomous morality
Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange |
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Term
Postconventional Reasoning
Kohlberg |
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Definition
Highest level of moral reasoning
Individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores other options and then decides on a personal moral code
Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles |
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Term
Conventional Reasoning
Kohlberg |
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Definition
Individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others
Standards are set by parents, government, laws of society
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity
Stage 4: Social Systems Morality |
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Term
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Definition
Pattern of moral characteristics that is distinctively characteristic of the individual child
Moral Identity
Moral Character
Moral Exemplars |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group |
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Term
| Dodge’s 5 steps in processing information about the child’s social world |
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Definition
Decode social cues
Interpret social cues
Search for a response
Select an optimal response
Enact |
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Term
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Definition
| learning-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher |
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Term
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Definition
| structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations from student’s progress, maximum time spent on leaning tasks and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum |
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Term
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Definition
A period of rapid physical maturation
Involves hormonal and bodily changes
Peak Pubertal Change:
Girls: 11.5 years old
Boys: 13.5 years old
Average age of menarche has declined since mid-19th century
Genetic, nutrition, health and other environmental influences
Precocious puberty
Girls < 8
Boys < 9 |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream |
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Term
| Piaget: Formal Operational Stage |
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Definition
More abstract thinking than concrete operational thought, as evidenced by verbal problem-solving ability
No longer limited to actual, concrete experiences as the foundation of their thoughts
Able to create make-believe situations, abstract propositions and hypothetical events and can reason logically about these ideas
Idealism and possibilities; ideal characteristics that they desire in themselves and in others |
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Term
| Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the heightened self-consciousness of adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| states that decision making is influenced by 2 systems – analytical system and experiential system, which compete with each other |
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Term
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Definition
If fundamental skills (math/literacy) are not developed in childhood, critical thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence
Cognitive changes allow for improved critical thinking
Increased speed, automaticity and capacity for information processing which free cognitive resources for other purposes
More breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains
Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge
A greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies or procedures for applying or obtaining knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
| strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates in the early period of a love relationship (Sternberg: passion) |
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Term
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Definition
| individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person (Sternberg: intimacy and commitment) |
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Term
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Definition
strongest because it involves passion, intimacy and commitment
(Sternberg: passion, intimacy, commitment) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe impairment in their ability to read and spell |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in handwriting; write very slowly, virtually illegible and numerous spelling errors |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in math computation; also known as developmental arithmetic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity |
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Term
| Autism Spectrum Disorders |
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Definition
| Characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors |
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Term
| Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
7 – 11 years of age
Children can perform concrete operations, reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
Classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider interrelationships
Capable of Seriation and Transitivity |
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Term
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Definition
memory representations
Verbatim Memory Trace
Gist |
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Term
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Definition
relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
increased knowledge and expertise
Increased use of strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional intelligence tests |
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Term
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Definition
| produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing |
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Term
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Definition
knowledge about memory
recognition tests are easier than recall test
familiar items are easier to learn than unfamiliar items
related items are easier to remember than unrelated items
gist recall are easier than verbatim recall |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others |
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Term
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Definition
| IQ = (mental age chronological age) 100 |
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