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| is the period of life cycle during which sexual and reproductive maturation takes place. |
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master gland
in the brain steps up growth hormones and gonadotrophic hormones during adolescent stage. The social and psychological influences of puberty are also very important. |
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| refers to a rapid increase in height and weight. Spurts occur in girl two years earlier than boys. They usually last two years, resulting in eight to nine inches increase in height. growith spurts stop about age eighteen. |
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| is characterized by development of reproductive system. Girls mature earlier. Buds of breast develop about age ten. |
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| is characterized by development of reproductive system. Girls mature earlier. Buds of breast develop about age ten. |
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| is the first menstual period. Nutritional improvement has lowered the age for menarche. Menarche is important for sense of identity in girls. Mood is related to menarche also. |
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| about age twelve, signs of puberty begin to appear. Testes, penis enlarge, and pubic hairs appears. Changes in voice come about together with the appearance of facial hair. |
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| Impact of early or late maturation |
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Definition
| Early maturing boys are admired more by their peers. Late maturing boys get negative feedbacks, displayfeelings of ineadequacy and rejection. Findings for girls are conflictual. Some parts of body develop fatser than others. LEgs, for example might develop faster than the rest of the body. This is called asynchrony. |
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| late maturing boys tend to be talkative and boastful. Early maturing boys are more likely to become student leaders. Weight is related to positive or negative seld image in girls. |
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| is composed of the answers a person gives to the question "who am I?" it is a sense of placement within the world |
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| asolescents struggle to develeop and clarify their identity. they search for identity. acoording to erikson adolescence is the stage of identity versus role confusion |
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| is a state marked by bewilderment about who one is, where one belongs, and where one is going. Some degreee od confusion is permitted before one "finds" himself./herself |
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| lack of ability to commit oneself. they may experience negative identity which refers to low self-image or deviant idenity, alife style not supported by the society |
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"storm and stress"
expectations generate identity crisis amond adol. |
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| initiation ceremonies or right of passage to adulthood |
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| feels on 10% of adolescents show deviant behavior |
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Definition
finds gradual improvement in self-concept rather than experiencing turbualnce or dramatic changes in adolescents. He feels adolescences is not an excessively stressful period.
Major attitiude changes occur during this period |
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gain capacity to think in logical and abstract terms
shift from concrete to abstract
Quantity to Quality |
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| adol tend to me self-conscious and egocentric. they view themselves as unique and even heroic. concerned of reactions of others |
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| Adolescent-Kohlberg stage |
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| Post-conventional level of morality. Universal ethical issues |
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in late adolescence
become more liberal, humane and democratic in their politcal perceptions |
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Generation is defined asa group of persons who become of age at a vertain point in time and experience common events in a culture.
changing societies-newer evironment over time
each generation fashions a unique style of thoughts of life |
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| refers to a set of shared definitions that offer interpretations and solutions to unsatisfactory social conditions |
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| refers to members of a group feeling their inner experiences and emotions to be similar. the youth culture has specific notions about masculinity, feminity, and role of education |
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overtime
girls have become more peer-oriented and boys become parent oriented
Most important values are parental values!! |
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| influences of behaviors adol. |
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Definition
Social life is more affected by peers, while education and career are affected by parents.
parents and peers provide adol with different kinds of experiences
deviant behavior=fun
family provides funstional constraintsm(practical limits) |
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Definition
| adol boys obtain a higher position of influence and power than their mothers, but below their fathers |
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Definition
some cultures consider romantic love as a disruptive force.
emphasis in US is mutual love
Romantic love is an agitated state of physiological arousal, the stimulus being sexual arousal |
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Definition
| believes love and romance are the most powerful activators of brain pleasure centers. Due to the release of vast amount of phenylithylamine in the brain,one gets the feeling of a psychadelic experience |
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| feels love has the components of attachment. caring and intimacy |
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Term
| devleopment of sexual behavior adol |
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Definition
infants ahow erections and sexual arousal. 2-3 y/o children investigate their genitals and if permitted thise of adults.
masturbation is a common act in childhood and later during adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
dramatic changes after 1965
an equalitarian pre-marital sexual standard appears to be replacing the traditional double standards
today's college students are more conservative in their sexual attitiudes as were students in 1960's and 1970's |
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GIRLS ARE MORE CONCERNED WIH VENERAL DISEASES THAN BOYS
sexual intercourse is more permissible morally by teenagers if they are in love |
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Definition
more than 4 out of 10 young women in the US become pregnant before the age of twenty. Highest in the world!
mothers are disadvantaged with repsect to education and jobs
teen marriages are usually unstable
more white teenagers get pregnant than blacks
Sweden & Norway , more liberal countries
have the lowest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth! |
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Definition
usually not prepared to make job decisions
teenage unemployment is the highest among blacks
need for vocational guidance is strongly felt! |
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Definition
| excessive or compulsive use of a chemical agent to an extent that interferes with health, social functions, |
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Definition
| is the most frequently abused drug in the US |
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Definition
heavily used but cocaine is taking tis place
after a decade of declne, drug use began to increase again in the US in 1993 amonf people 35 and older and teenagers |
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Definition
is the second or third leading cause of death
Attempted-more girls
completed-more males
psychologcal depression underlies suicide
maybe related to seratonin level in the brain.
a combination of psychological and biological factors are important |
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Term
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Definition
family history of alcohol and drug abuse
family breakdown, unemplyment, deliquency, and depression
psychotherapy and medication are effective in preventing suicide |
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Definition
| is an adolescent who often breaks the law |
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Definition
is 23% in the US
more frequent among poor and minorities
find themselves disadvantage in the job market
educational and social factos due to dropping out
dropouts commit fewere offenses after leaving school
is more likely to relfect an adolescents problems than to be the cause of them |
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Term
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Definition
21 years old
18-21 is the post-adol period or the pre-young adulthood period |
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Definition
| Freud feels that when a person reached young adulthood his/her personality structure has become complete. |
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Definition
| feels no additional cognitive changes occur after a person reaches young adulthood |
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| feels moral development is complete for the rest of ones life when one reaches young adulthood |
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| is the only psychologist who feels personality development continues not only during the young adulthood period, but for this rest of one;s life |
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| Baby boom generation (21-35) |
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Definition
people born form 1946-1960
created a demographic tidal wave
1/3 of the population
major part of the labor force in this country |
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Definition
| changes in the functioning of organism through the course of time |
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Definition
| changes in the social roles and social behavior |
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Definition
what is appropriate at various age levels
to show appropriate behavior |
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Definition
do's and dont's of certain roles
standards of behavior memebers of a group share and are expected to conform
postive/negative norms |
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Definition
this relates to age appropriate expectations, the right time to demonstrate certain behaviors
the lower the social class, the mroe rapid is the social clock and vice versa
today a more fluid life cycle gives new freedom to most people to engage in various behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| some african tribes have age-grade systems, the change of life of uninitiated versus initiated boys |
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Term
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Definition
turning points at which people change directions of their lives
some are related to social clock
others may happen due to accidents, revolutions, etc. |
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| Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages of Development |
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Definition
Early Adulthood
21-35
Intimacy Versus Isolation
Middle Adulthood
35-65
Generativity Versus Stagnation
Later Adulthood
65-death
Integrity Versus Despair
failure to master aprevious stage will prevent form mastering the later stage |
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| Levinson: Phases in Adult Male Development |
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Definition
Main task is creation of a structure for life!
Leaving the family: late teens, early 20's such as going to college
Getting into the adutl world
Settling down:early 30's
Becoming one's own man: mid to late 30's. If a man has a mentor, he often gives them up
Mid-life transition: early 40's
re-stabilization: about 45 |
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| Female Development Levinson: |
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Definition
almost 90% of women work at some point int heir lives
go through same developmental periods as men do
Career takes the second place for women. difficult balance between career and family
working women at mid-life are healthier, have higher seld-esteem and suffer less anxiety than women who are homemakers. works acts as a stabilixinf force for women during critical points of their life cycle |
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| higher incidience of depression |
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Definition
depression is higher among women
emotional attachments mean more to women
the biggest increase int he number of depressed women comes in early 30's |
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Term
| the stage approach controversy |
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Definition
somepsychologist are not happy with stage approaches in adult dev.
the present trend is towards a more fluid life style rather than rigid, fixed stages |
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| (21-35) Physical performance |
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Definition
getting older involves losing physical attractiveness, vigor and strength
the years 18 to 30 are peak years for speed and agility. after which they begin to decline.
all 5 senses especially vision and hearing are affecte dby aging |
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Term
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Definition
function of heridity nutrition exercise previous ilnnesses.
main illnesses are upper respiratory infections, secual and alcohol related diseases.
Drugs and tobacoo are health hazards as well
adult smokers are restless and impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
alcohol abuse and dependence is the most common d.o followed by drug abuse.
problems more in men
depression phobias and schizophrenia are also noted in young adults |
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Term
(21-35) cognitive development Piaget
post formal operations |
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Definition
| believe that most young adults integrate, or synthesize contradications within a system |
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Term
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Definition
vies information processinf as the step by step mental operations that we use int he intellectual tasks
1. encoding the item
2. inferring relationships
3. mapping the relationship
4. applying the relationship
5. justifying the answer and finally respionding appropriately |
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Definition
Gilligan feels men define moral problems in terms of right and rule and the justice approach
women perceive mnorality as an obligation to exercise care and avoid hurt, following the responsibility approach
political views are related to moral development also |
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Term
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Definition
provide the cental themes of adult life
social rel. include EXPRESSIVE TIES when we commit ourselves to another person and are also referred to as PRIMARY REL
INSTRUMENTAL TIES when we cooperate with another person to achieve a limited goal, SECONDARY REL. (casual relationships) |
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Definition
| the overall pattern of living whereby we attempt to meet our biological. social, and emotional needs |
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Definition
sinfle life style among both sexes under age 35 has sharply increased in the past few years
this is a tendency to postpone marriage. the stigma attached to being single has been removed |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASED
COHABITATION-seems most attractive to young adults
partners dall in traditional activities.
breaking up is not easy as people think
the emotional trauma of separation is similar to divorce |
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Term
| (21-35) young adults living at home |
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Definition
lately adult children increasingly come back to their parental homes
extended family living has been both advantage and disadvantages.
loss of privacyis the major problem while living with parents |
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Term
| (21-35) homosexual and lesbain couples |
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Definition
western world-considered sinful and sometimes sick, although significant attitiude changes are now noted
among gay men fidelity is not defined by sexual behavior but in terms of emotional commitment
due to the aids scare and the hostility of the community at large, some gays had to live a double life |
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Term
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Definition
can be monogamy, bigamy, polygymy, polyandry ( having two or more husbands) and group marriage
half end up in divorce
many americans practice serial monogamy
most prevelant and most preferred |
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Definition
| refers to a person. his/her parents and siblings |
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Definition
| refers to his wife or her husband his/her own children |
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Definition
| the sequential changes that occur in the structure and relationship of family life between the time of marriage and death of a spouse |
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Definition
nine cycle stages
the family begins with the simple husband-wife pair and becomes increasingly complex as memebers are added The period when the couple has just married and has no children is called the stage of ESTABLISHMENT |
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Term
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Definition
first preganancy is very important mark of transition
4 major devlopmental tasks
1. acceptance of pregnancy and dev. of emotional attachment to the unborn child
2. develop pregnancy identity
3. she has to reevaluate her relationship with her own mother
4. accept the issue of dependency
childborth classes teaches about these issues |
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Term
| (21-35) transition to parenthood |
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Definition
the onset of parenthood causes a "crisis".
a three=persons system is stressful
the first child may have a stabilizing effect on the marriage
women may also suffer from post partum depression |
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Term
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Definition
increase over the past 25 years
economic and social stress
rate of deliquency is higher for boys
children do not do well in school
Some psychologist believe that lack of father figure might vcontribute to homosexual tendencies in boys. However, according to most psych, homosexuals come from homes in which the dather is ineffective and the mother is the dominant adult |
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Definition
more men are getting custody
fathers do the chores
have difficulty dealing ith emotionbal needs of their children, especially thier daughters. dating becomes an important issie for the single father |
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| (21-35) significance of work |
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Definition
structure time, facilitates relation to others, offers escape form boredom and sustains a sense of worth
industrioisness proves an important presictor of mental health in adulthood than having a strong family background.
TO BE OUT OF WORK IS TO BE OF THE DAY TO DAY OPERATIONS OF THE SOCIETY
inability to gain a steady and meaningful employment undermines a person's sense of self-respect and self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
a sequence of stages that begins with Birth, int o a family with a special social status and continues through developmental years
the socioeconomic life cycle, according to some sociologist, begins at birth
level of schooling has the principle influence on an indiviudals subsequent occupational attainment.
college and impressive credentials |
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