James Mc Burney & Kenneth Hance

Humanistic & Descriptive

Task Only

Problem Solving

Aubrey Fisher

Humanistic & Descriptive

Social Only

Group Development

Robert Bales

Scientific and Descriptive

Social AND Task

Roles we play within a group

Randy Hirokawa & Marshall Poole

Scientific & Descriptive

Social AND Task

The way we talk to one another

Marshall Poole

Humanistic & Descriptive

NO Task OR Social

Every group is different

George Gerbner

Scientific & Descriptive

TV and Violence

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann

Humanistic & Descriptive

Plane-Train Test

Stuart Hall

Humanistic Prescriptive

Hegemony

Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw

Scientific & Descriptive

Media influences public opinion

1) Definition - Define the problem

2) Analyze - Analyze the problem

3) Solution - Brainstorm potential solutions

4) Evaluation - Evaluate each solution (negative and positives)

5) Verification - Choose and impliment solution

1) Orientation - who we are

2) Conflict - groups need conflicts to be effective

3) Emergence - agreement stage

4) Reinforcement - to reinforce the unified group 

Seems friendly

Dramatizes

Agrees

Gives suggestions

Gives opinions

Gives information

Seems unfriendly

Shows tension

Disagrees

Asks for suggestions

Asks for opinions

Asks for information

Analysis of the problem

Goal setting

Identification of alternatives

Evaluation of positives and negatives

Promotive - Discussing things promoting group's purpose

Disruptive - disrupting group's promotive discussion to bring group off track

Counteractive - Further elaborating on the disruptive communication 

Production: any change that occurs (new decision)

Rules: value judgments or previos policies

Resources: group members' abilities or characteristics

Interaction: people are free to act as they will

• Develop an exaggerated belief of a mean and scary world
• Violence that they see can cultivate a social paranoia about trustworthy people and safe surroundings

• Dramas average 5 traumatic incidents/hour
• High school graduates see 13,000 deaths
• Old people and children are harmed more often than average adults
• Minorities are harmed more than Whites
• Blue Collar workers hurt more often than White Collar

• TV glorifies the middle class
• TV dramas frown on political extremism
• Reality shows have taken over TV
• Computer games/local news replaced the violence not present in reality shows

• Watch more than 4 hours/day
• Not selective on TV shows
• Believe 1 in 10 people are involved in violent acts
• 5% of people work for law enforcement
• General mistrust of people (Mean World Syndrome)

Watch less than 4 hours/day

Selective - watch TV for specific shows

1 in 100 people involved in violent acts

1% work for law enforcement

• Majority shares more often than minority
• People are more willing to speak to like-minded individuals
• Low self-esteem causes individuals to remain mute
• Males, young adults and middle and upper class speak out more

Hardcore - nonconformists who have been beaten down and have nothing to lose

Avant Garde - nonconformists who feel they are ahead of the conviction enabling them to endure (hope)

• Media keep those in power, in power
• Media reflects capitalism at its worst
• Hegemony is promoted by media

A dominate influence of one group over another

• It is not forced
• It has some exceptions
• It is not a plot by the media, just not monitored
• It is reinforced by the media

• Operating inside the dominant code- media produce the message; masses consume it
• Applying a negotiable code - the audience assimilates the leading ideology in general but opposes its application in a specific case
• Substituting an opposing code - changing the message

Gatekeepers/news editors

Politicians or their spin doctors

Public relation professionals

Interest aggregation (cluster of people for a cause)

Relevance

Uncertainty

Transfer place of importance

Tranfer attributes (good or bad)