[image]

[image]

The bones of the skull are all in the axial portion of the body and contains:

Frontal Bone - makes up the forehead, provides protection for the brain and support for face, articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the two parietals, the two nasals, the two maxillæ, the two lacrimals, and the two zygomatics  

Parietal Bone - make up part of the roof and sides of the human skull, provies protection of the brain and support of the face, articulates with the frontal bone

Occipital Bone - a trapezoidal, curvy shaped bone located at the rear of the cranium, provides protection of the brain and support of the face, articulates with the first vertebra of the vertebral column

Temporal Bone - situated on the bases and sides of the skull, parallel to the temporal lobes of the brain, provides protection of the brain and support of the face, articulates with the mandible

Zygomatic Bone - the face consists of two zygomatic bones, located in the upper and lateral parts of the face, also known as the cheek bone or malar bone, supports the region of the face known as the cheek, protects organs in the area, and forms part of the orbit, articulates with the maxilla, sphenoid, and frontal bone 

Sphenoid Bone - located at the base of the skull and behind the eye socket, this bone is a wedge-like bone located in front of the temporal bone and is one of several bones that form the eye socket,

Vomer Bone - a thin, quadrilateral shaped bone located at the base of the nasal cavity, functions in forming the nasal cavity, articulates with the ethmoid bone

Maxilla Bone - consists of two separate bones that fuse together to collectively form the maxilla, located above the mandible and below the orbits, provides protection of the face, support of the orbits, hold the top half of the teeth in place, and form the floor of the nose, articulates with the zygomatic, nasal bone and coronoid process

Mandible Bone - forms the lower jaw of the human skull, main function is support of the lower part of the face and holding the bottom half of the teeth in place, the mandible is essential for movement of the mouth, articulates with the temporal bone

Nasal Bone - consists of two boness located near the middle of the face that come together to form the bridge of the nose,  functions in support of the nose and formation of the nose bridge, articulates with the frontal, the ethmoid, the maxilla, and the opposite nasal bone

Foramen Magnum -  a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium, allows passage of the spinal cord, articulates with the atlas (vertebral column)

Mastoid Process - located in the posterior portion of the temporal bone, it is one of the two projections situated behind the ear, the mastoid process provides an attachment for certain muscles of the neck

The middle ear bones are are all in the axial portion of the body and contain:

Malleus - the largest ossicle of the middle ear and is situated in the tympanic cavity most laterally, alongside the tympanic membrane, the primary function of the malleus is the transmission of sound waves or vibrations from the eardrum to the incus

Incus - located in between the malleus and the stapes and connects to the malleus on the outward side and the stapes on the inward side, incus transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes

Stapes - the smallest and lightest bone of the human body, connects to the incus on the outward side and to the oval window on the inward side, primary function of the stapes is transmitting sound waves from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear

[image]

The hyoid bone is in the axial portion of the body and  is the one and only bone of the throat, horseshoe-shaped bone that lies in between the chin and the thyroid ligament, primary function of the hyoid bone is to allow the movement of the tounge, pharynx, and larynx by connecting to muscles in the region, also protects these structures

The vertebral column is in the axial portion of the body and contains:

Cervical Vertebrae - consists of 7 vertebral bones, primary function of the cervical vertebrae is protection of the spinal cord and support of the body

Atlas - first cervical vertebra, ring shaped, balances and supports the head, articulates with the occipital condyles

Axis -  second cervical vertebra, has a tooth-like projection that fits up into the atlas, works in tandem with atlas to move head from side to side

Transverse Foramen - the hole that opens through the transverse process, transmits the vertebral artery and vein along with a plexus of sympathetic nerves

Thoracic Vertebrae - the set of vertebrates following the cervical vertebrae and is the middle segment of the spine, consists of 12 vertebral bones, houses the spinal cord and protects the spinal cord, each vertebra articules with a rib

Vertebral Foramen - opening in vertebrae that allows the spinal cord to pass through

Body - the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape

Sacrum - a shield-shaped bony structure that is located at the base of the lumbar vertebrae and that is connected to the pelvis, forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis

Lumbar Vertebrae -  the third curve of the spine and follows the thoracic vertebrae, consists of 5 vertebral bones, protection of the spinal cord, allows for much of human body motion and supports much of the human body’s weight

Transverse Process - pierces the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae, which, in the upper six vertebrae, gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a plexus of sympathetic nerves

Spinous Process- the protrusion on the center of the back of a vertebral body, the site for the attachment of many spinal muscles

Coccyx - the triangular bony structure located at the bottom of the vertebral column, composed of three to five bony segments held in place by joints and ligaments, provides protection, support while sitting, and serves as the location of many attachment sites for ligaments and muscles

[image]

The thoracic cage is in the axial portion of the body and contains: 

Rib - twelve rib pairs attached to each of the twelve thoracic vertebrae, articulates with a facet on the body of its own vertebrae and the transverse process of the vertebrae

Manubrium - upper part of the sternum, articulates with the clavicles by facets on its superior border, articulates with the clavicles by facets on its superior border

True Ribs - join the sternum directly by their costal cartilages, articulate with manubrium and respective vertebrae

Sternum - breastbone, located along the line in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage, articulates with the clavicles

Xiphoid Process - lower part of the sternum

False Ribs - the remaining five pairs of ribs that do not reach the sternum directly, top three false ribs join the cartilages of the seventh rib and the last two don't attach at all

Body - middle of the sternum

Costal Cartilage - cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum

Floating Ribs - the last two pairs of false ribs, do not have cartilaginous attachments to the sternum

The upper limbs are in the appendicular portion of the body and contain:

Humerus - large upper arm bone, articulates with the scapulae, radius and ulna

Radius - located on the thumb side of the forearm, articulates with the humerus, ulna and carpals in the hand

Ulna - longer bone in the forearm, articulates with the radius, humerus and carpals in the hand

Carpals - eight small bones that make up the wrist, articulates with the radius, ulna and metacarpals

Metacarpals - five bones that form the framework of the palm, articulates with the carpals and phalanges.

Phalanges - also known as the finger bones, articulates with the metacarpals

The pelvic girdle is located in the appendicular portion of the body and contains:

Coxal Bone - also known as the hips, articulates with the femur and the sacrum

Ilium - the largest and uppermost portion of the coxal bone, articulates with the ischium, pubis, and sacrum

Ischium - the lowest portoin of the coxal bone, articulates with the pubis and ilium

Pubis - the anterior portion of the coxal bone, articulates with something I assume

Acetabulum - cup-shaped cavity in the coxal bone, receives the rounded head of the femur

Obturator Foramen - largest foramen in the skeleton