part of the ventral cavity that lies inferior to the diaphragm

includes upper adominal cavity & lower pelvic cavity

movement of a body part away from the midline

taking in of substances by cells or membranes

more specifically, reffering to the movement tof digested food from the digestive tract into the blood

adjustment of the lens for near vision

neurotransmitter that is secreted from the nerve terminals of cholinergic fibers

substance that denotes or releases hydrogen ions when it ionizes in water

imbalance caused be excess H⁺ which causes the blood pH to decrease below 7.35

there is respiratory acidosis & metabolic acidosis

one of the contractile proteins in muscle

also called thin filaments

sequence of changes in the membrane potential that occurs when a cell is stimulated to threshold

it includes depolarization & repolarization

also called the nerve impulse & the cardiac impulse

immunity achieved when the body makes antibodies against an atigen

transport process that requires an input of energy (ATP) to move a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

adjustment to a stimulus, such as adaptation to an odor

movement of a body part toward the midline of the body

anterior pituitary gland

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

energy-storing & energy-transferring molecule found in all cells

a type of connective tissue that stores fat

endocrine gland that consists of an outer cortex & inner medulla

The cortex secretes steroids & the medulla secretes catecholamines.

a neuron that secretes norepinephrine (nonadrinaline) as its neurotransmitter

chemical reactions that breakdown complex substances into simpler substances in the presence of oxygen

chemical reactions that require oxygen

includes aerobic anabolism & catabolism

carrying toward a center

ex: afferent nerves carrying information toward the central nervous system

the force against which the heart contracts

ex: the aortic blood pressure

clumping of cells in response to an antigen-antibody reaction

plasma protein that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby "holding" water within the blood vessels

responsible for the ionic pressure

mineralocorticoid (steroid) secreted by the adrenal cortex

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium & water & to excrete potassium

imbalance associated with a decrease in H⁺ concentration & an increase in blood pH >7.45

There is a respiratory alkalosis & metabolic alkalosis

foreign substance or antigen that stimualtes an allergic reaction

tiny grapelike sac in the lungs

the site of gas exchange (oxygen & Carbon dioxide) between the air & te blood

small nitrogen-containing organic compounds

the building blocks of protein

extraembryonic membrane that surrounds the fetus & contains amniotic fluid

enzyme that digests carbohydrates

metabolic reactions that build complex substances from simpler substances

anaerobic catabolism

chemical reactions that breakdown complex substances into simpler substances, without the presence of oxygen

chemical reactions that do not require oxygen

a connection between two tubular structures

position of the body

the body is standing erect with the face forward & the arms at the side (palms & toes face in a forward direction)

study of the structure of the body

condition characterized by abnormally low amounts of hemaglobin or low numbers of reb blood cells

blood pressure-elevating hormone produced by the action of renin on angiotensinogen

negatively charged ion

a muscle that opposes another muscle

substance that reacts with a specific antigen

a type of immunity engaged in by the B lymphocyte

The B cell secretes antibodies that attack the antigen

also called humoral immunity

antidiurectic hormone

ADH

posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the collecting duct in the kidney to reabsorb water & decrease urinary output

foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

large artery that conducts blood from the left vetricle of the heart

one of the sudoriferous (sweat) glands

broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to another structure

part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the upper extremities, the lower extremities, the pelvic girdle, & the pectoral girdle

worm-shaped outpouching of the wall of the cecum

loose connective tissue

small artery that is composed largely of smooth muscle & is found between the larger artery & the capillaries

also called ressistance vessel

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

joining of structures at a joint

immunity that is aquired through the use of such agents as vaccines, toxoids, & immunoglobulins

fundamental unit of an element

the smallest part of the element that has the charateristics of that element

atrium

atria (plural)

upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins

adenosine triphosphate

a wasting or decreasing in the size of an organ or tissue, usually referring to a muscle

immunity against one's own tissue

involuntary or automatic nervous system that controls the organs, glands, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle

two divisions, sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems

the part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum

elongated part of the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

single-cell organisms that are classified as cocci, bacilli, & curved rods

receptor that detects or senses changes in blood pressure

located in the carotid sinus & aortic arch

an automatic reflex that responds to a sudden change in blood pressure

Basal Metabolic Rate

BMR

the rate at which cells metabolize (use oxygen) in a resting state

substances such as hydroxyl ion (OH^-) that combines with hydrogen ion (H⁺)

pairing of the bases of the nucleotides

adenine & thymine (DNA), guanine & cytosine (DNA & RNA), & adenine & uracil (RNA)

sequence or arrangement of the bases in a strand of DNA or RNA

type of granular luekocyte

stains blue

B lymphocyte

secretes antibodies

the thick part of a skeletal muscle between its origin & insertion

a type of recptor that is activated by norepinephrine

the artioventricular valve between the left atrium & the left ventricle

also called the mitral valve

a digestive aid secreted by the liver

it emulsifies fats

arrangement of ducts that transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder & duodeum

includes hepatic ducts, cystic ducts, & common bile duct

pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin & secreted into the bile

an accumulation of "this" in the skin caused jaundice

early preembryonic clusters of cells with a hollow interior

blood pressure

BP

the force that the blood exerts against the vessel wall

C-shaped tubular structure that partially surrounds the glomerulus

Water & disolved substances are filtered from the glomerulus into "this"

lower part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord

consists of the midbrains, pons, & medulla oblongata

elevation on the anterior chest that contains mammary glands

small airway tubes in the respiratory tract

composed largely of smooth muscle 

bronchus

brochi (plural)

large airway in the lungs that connects the trachea & the brochioles

there is a left & a right brochus

substance that resists changes in pH

"This" can either remove or add H⁺ thereby agjusting the pH

cuplike structures that collect urine from the collecting ducts of the nephron units

storage vessels for blood

refers to veins

smallest & most numerous of the blood vessels

site of exchange of nutrients & waste btween the blood & the tissue fluid

hemaglobin that combines with carbon dioxide

types of organic compounds including simple sugars, starch, & glycogen

primary source of energy

carbon dioxide

(CO₂)

the waste product of cellular metabolism

cardiac cells that have specialized to create & conduct the cardiac action potential

includes the SA node, AV node, & the His-Purkinje system

events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat

type of muscle found in the heart

the myocardium

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

about 5000ml per minute

the potential increase in cardiac output above cardiac resting output

the study of the heart

a living organism that harbors a pathogen & acts as a source of infection

metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules

the breakdown is accompanied by the release of energy

any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

classification of hormones that is secreted by the adrenal medulla

includes epinephrine & norepinephrine

positively charged ion

part of the large intestine that connects the ileum of the small intestine & the ascending colon of the large intestine

basic unit of life

the structural & functional unit of a living organism

the phases a cell goes through as it divides

type of immunity engaged by the T cell

cell-to-cell combat

membrane that surrounds the cell & regulaes what enters & leaves the cell

also called the plasma membrane

part of the brain that is located under the cerebrum

it coordinates skeletal muscle activity

cushioning fluid that circulates within the subarachnoid space around the brain & spinal cord

largest & uppermost part of the brain, it is divided into two hemispheres

there are 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital

modified sweat gland found in the external ear canal

it secretes cerumen, or earwax

constricted portion of an organ, usually refering to the lower portion of the uterus

receptors that detects changes in the chemical composition of a substance

a neutron that secretes acetycholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter

a cartilage-forming cell

tough fiborous bands of connective tissue that attach the cuspid valves to the walls of the ventricles of the heart

the outermost extraembryonic membrane surrounding the fetus

it helps form the placenta

coiled, threadlike structures that contain segments of DNA called genes

a change in heart rate (HR)

A (+) "one" is an increase in HR, while a (-) "one" is a decrease in HR 

milky fluid found in the lacteals of the villi

consists of emulsified fats & lymph

paste like mixture of partially digested food, water, & digestive enzymes that is formed in the stomach

cilia

cilium (singular)

hairlike processes on the surface of many cells

a group of cells that come from a single cell & are therefore genetically identical

clotting of blood

part of the inner ear that contains the organ of corti, the recptors for hearing

the nephron structure that receives urine from the distal tubule & delivers it to the renal pelvis

major portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum

type of epithelium that has column-shaped cells

a disease that can spread from one host to another

group of proteins in the blood that are concerned with phagocytosis

substance composed of two or more chemical elements

ex: wather (H₂O)

blood vessels that are primarily concerned with carrying blood to smaller blood vessels

the functional name for arteries

loss of heat energy as it is transferred from the warm body to a cooler object such as a cooling blanket

present at birth

one of the 4 basic types of tissues that generally holds & supports body structures

an abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within a muscle, causing it to freeze in a flexed position

loss of heat energy to the surrounding cooler air

The layer of heated air is constantly being removed by a fan (or breeze) & replaced by cooler air.

clear portion of the sclera that covers the anterior portion of the eye

yellow body formed from the ovarian follicle after ovulation

it secretes large amounts of pogesterone & smaller amounts of estergen

bond or attraction formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

part of the dorsal cavity that contains the brain

the 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain

parasympathetic activity

a waste product that was secreted by the kidneys

a type of epithelium that has cells shaped like cubes

gel-like substance surrounded by the cell membranebut outside the nucleus