Term
| The body attempts to keep its internal environment at a relatively ______ level, this is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs function in _______, _______, and the removal of _______. |
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Definition
respiration
excretion
heat
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Term
| As respiratory organs, they bring ____ into the lungs where the _____ will pass into the ______. As excretory organs, they eliminate ______ ______. |
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Definition
air
oxygen
capillaries
carbon dioxide |
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Term
| _______ is also eliminated, but it is not a waste or "wasted" product. Before oxygen can enter the ______, it must be ______ in water. |
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Definition
water
capillaries
dissolved |
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Term
| The water from the capillaries maintains the _____% ______ humidity in the lungs, which is necessary for ______ to occur. During transpiration (_______), ______ _______, _______, and ______ are removed from the body. |
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Definition
100 relative
respiration
carbon dioxide
water
heat |
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Term
| Substances pass through the capillary walls by _____ (the passing of a substance from a region of ____ concentration to a region of _____ concentration), and the rate of diffusion is ________ to the surface area of the structure. |
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Definition
diffusion
high
low
proportional |
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Term
| If a lung were a _____ ____, the inner surface area would not be adequate to allow enough oxygen to _____ into the capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
Starting with the ______ _____ where air enter the lungs from the _____, the tubes branch, become smaller (______ ______) and smaller (________), and terminate in small air spaces (_______).
__-plural
__-singular |
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Definition
primary bronchi
trachea
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
i
us |
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Term
| Before cells can use _____, the nutrients must first be _____ by the capillaries of the _____, _____ _____ and _____ _____, about _____% of nutrient absorption occurs in the ____ _____. |
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Definition
nutrients
absorbed
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
90 small intestine |
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Term
| The inner wall of the ______ _____ is supplied with capillaries of the _______ _____. _____ _____ is absorbed into these capillaries where it is carried by the blood to the _____ ______ _____ and then to the liver. |
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Definition
small intestine
mesenteric arteries
digested food
hepatic portal vein |
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Term
| In the liver, the ____ passes through a second set of capillaries where the food is _____ and _____ until needed or is allowed to remain in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Following digestion and absorption, the blood entering the liver has a high concentration of _____, a product of _______ _______. |
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Definition
glucose
carbohydrate digestion |
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Term
| With the presence of the hormone ______, produced by the _______, the liver converts excess glucose into _____ and stores it for future use. As the body needs more glucose for ______, the liver converts the _______ back to ______. |
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Definition
insulin
pancreas
glycogen
energy
glycogen
glucose |
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Term
| If the ______ does not produce enough insulin or ceases to produce insulin, the blood sugar concentration increases (_________); and the individual has a condition known as _______ ______. When the concentration becomes too high, it can affect many parts of the body; and death might result. |
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Definition
pancreas
hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| The breakdown of protein in the body produces ______, which is highly toxic when present in _____ ________. The _____ converts this ammonia into a less toxic substance (____) that is removed by the _______. |
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Definition
ammonia
high concentration
liver
urea
kidneys |
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Term
| Blood entering the kidneys contains ______, _______ _____, _______ _______, and various other ________. Some occur in excessive concentrations. The function of the kidney is to keep the concentrations of these substances at ____ _____. |
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Definition
nutrients
inorganic salts
waste products
substances
safe levels |
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Term
_-the outer layer that contains the capillaries and nephrons
_-the inner layer that contains the renal pyramids
_-the dark areas in the medulla that contain the collecting tubules
_- the areas that extend into the medulla and carry urine from the collecting tubules to the large renal pelvis
_-connects the kidney with the ureter and allows urine to pass into the ureter |
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Definition
cortex
medulla
renal pyramids
calyx
renal pelvis |
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Term
| The _____ is the basic unit of a kidney, about one million. |
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Definition
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Term
| The small _____ _____ branches into a mass of capillaries to form the _______, which leads to the _____ _____. |
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Definition
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole |
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Term
| The _____ _____ divides and forms the _____ ____, which forms a net around other parts of the nephron. These capillaries lead to small _____ that lead to the ____ ____. |
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Definition
efferent arteriole
capillary net
venules
renal vein |
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Term
| The C-shaped _____ _____ partially surrounds the ______ and opens into a series of tubules, the _____ ______ ____, the U-shaped ____ ____ ____, ______ _____ _____, and ______ _____. |
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Definition
Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule |
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Term
| About _____ __ of blood pass through the kidneys in a 24 hour period, and about ____ __ of substances called ____ are removed from this blood. Of the ____ __ of filtrate, all except about ____ __ is returned to the blood. |
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Definition
1800 L
200 L
filtrate
200 L
1.5 L |
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Term
Urine is formed by 3 steps:
_______
_______
________ |
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Definition
filtration
reabsorption
tubular secretion |
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Term
| ________- the _____ arteriole has a larger diameter than the ______ arteriole. This defference increases the bloos pressure in the _____ _____ and the ______. |
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Definition
filtration
afferent
efferent
afferent arteriole
golmerulus |
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Term
| The increased _____ _____ forces substances composed of small molecules through the pores of _____ _____ and _____ ____. |
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Definition
blood pressure
glomerular capillaries
Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| The filtrate of the ______ _____ contains substances (______,_____,_____,_______, ______ _____, and ____ ______) of the same concentrations as they were in the blood. |
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Definition
Bowman's capsule
water
urea
ions
glucose
amino acids
small proteins |
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Term
| ________-as the filtrate passes from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting tubule, most of the filtrate, is reabsorbed by the ______ _____ and returns to the ____ _____. Most of the waste products and excess useful substances, such as _____ and small _____ _____, are not ______ and become part of the urine. |
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Definition
reabsorption
reabsorbed
capillary net
renal vein
glucose
protein molecules
reabsorbed |
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Term
| _______ ______- adds substances from the blood in the _____ ___ to the filtrate, mainly into the _____ ______ _____. These substances include _____, _____, _____, and _____ ____. |
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Definition
Tubular secretion
capillary net
distal convoluted tubule
ammonia
creatinine
drugs
various ions |
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Term
| The _____ does not remove all waste products from the ____. It keeps their concentrations at a safe level. The concentrations of substances in the blood ______ during the day due to things such as ____, ____ ____ _____, _____, _____, and lenght of time since ______. |
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Definition
nephrons
blood
fluctuate
diet
amount of exercise
stress
disease
eating |
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Term
| The ____, the largest organ of the body, is a part of the _____ _____. It rids the body of excess ____ and _____. |
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Definition
skin
excretory system
water
salts |
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Term
| Most of the excess body heat is ______ as the capillaries bring the heat near the _____. When it is cold, the ______ constrict and cut down on the blood flow to the _______ in order to conserve heat. |
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Definition
removed
surface
arterioles
capillaries |
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Term
| When it is hot, the _____ allow more blood to flow to the _____ in order to facilitate heat loss. When perspiration ______, it cools the skin. |
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Definition
arterioles
capillaries
evaporates |
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