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| The study of living organisms & life's processes |
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| A group used in a study that recieves a placebo "false treatment" to compare to the experimental group. |
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| Numerical info. that scientists use to determine how much confidence they should place in information |
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| A carefully planned & executed manipulation of the natural world to test your prediction |
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| The group that recieves the treatment during an experiment |
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| The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
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| A tenative statement about the natural world |
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| The study of the natural world that includes all matter and all energy |
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| The way scientific knowledge is acquired |
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| Is a broad hypothesis that has been extensively tested and supported over time and that explains a broad range of scientific facts with a high degree of reliability |
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| Factors that might vary during the course of the experiment |
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| The process of plants capturing sunlight and converting it for their own use |
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| single celled prokaryotic organisms (Ex. Bacteria) |
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| simple multicellular eukaryotes such as algea |
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| 3rd domain - includes organisms whose cells have nuclei, including humans |
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| 1. Bipedalism - walks upright on 2 legs 2. Opposable thumbs 3. Large brain - related to body size 4. Capacity for complex language |
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| Anything that has mass & occupies space |
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| A fundamental (pure) form of matter that cannot be broken down to a simpler form |
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| The smallest unit of any element that still retains the physical & chem. properties of that element |
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| Positively charged particals that the nucleus is partially made of. # of protons = the # of electrons in a nuetral atom |
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| No charge, bounded w/ protons to make the nucleus. The # of Neutrons = automic mass -(minus) the number of protons |
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| Negatively charged - orbits the nucleus. # of protons = the # of electrons in a nuetral atom |
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| Atoms with more or less neutrons than the usual number |
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| Consists of a stable association between two or more atoms (ex. Oxygen O2) |
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| Stored energy not actually performing any work at the moment |
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| Energy that is actually doing work |
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| Atoms to be bound to each other by attractive forces |
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| Atoms that bond by sharing a pair of electrons (single covalent bond, Double covalent bond, and two single covalent bonds) |
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| One atom gives up electrons and one takes them, resulting in a + or - charge |
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| An electrically charged atom or molecule. |
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| A weak attractive force between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen. (Ex. water molecules, break and re-form) |
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| A liquid in which other substances dissolve |
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| Any dissolved substance (dissolves in a solvent) |
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| Polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact with it. |
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| Nonpolar molecules that are not attracted to water (ex. cooking oil) |
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| Is any molecule that can donate (give up) an H+ ion. Opposite a base. |
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| opposite an acid - can accept an H+ ion |
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| Is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. From 0 to 14, pure water is a 7. Less than 7 is an acidic solution, more than 7 is a basic solution. |
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| Any substance that tends to minimize the changes in pH that night occur when an acid or base is added to a solution. |
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| A process that where smaller molecules called sub-units are joined by covalent bonds, like pearls on a string |
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| Molecules that contain carbon & other elements held together by covalent bonds |
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| The process of breaking down macromolecules. During this process a water molecule is added each time a covalent bond between single subunits in the chain is broken. |
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| The simplest kind of carbohydrate - have relatively simple structures consisting of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio. |
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| Short strings of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. (ex. is table sugar) |
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| In animals is the storage polysaccharides, in plants it is starch |
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| Lipids are - triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids. ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER |
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| Neutral fats or just fats, synthesized from a molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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| Chains of hydrocarbons that end in a group of atoms known as a carboxyl group. |
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| Chains of hydrocarbons that end in a group of atoms known as a carboxyl group. |
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| Have a full complement of 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in their tails. |
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| Oils - have fewer than 2 hydrogen atoms on one or more carbon atom in tails. |
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| A modified form of lipid, primary structural component of cell membranes. |
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| A steroid, linked to cardiovascular disease |
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| Don't look like lipids, but a classified as such because they are relatively insoluble in water |
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| Proteins are macromolecules constructed from long strings of single units |
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| A single string of 3 - 100 amino acids |
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| When it has longer than 100 amino acids and has a complex structure and a function. |
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| A permanent disruption of protien structure, leadind to a loss of biological function |
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| A protien that functions as a biological catalyst |
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| A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being altered or consumed by the reaction. |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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| Genetic material in living things, directs everything the cell does. Contains the instructions for producing RNA. DNA has 2 strands held together by 2 hydrogen |
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| Carries out instructions of DNA - contains instructions for producing protien. A single strand of nucleotides |
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| Smaller molecules that makeup DNA & RNA |
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| One additional related nucleotide with an important function, carries energy |
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| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
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| Breakdown of ATP produces ADP, is not attached to an organic molecule, plus energy that is now available to do work |
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1. All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
2. A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.
3. All cells come only from preexisting cells. |
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| The outer membrane surrounding a cell |
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| Human cells - (eu- means "true" and karote means "nucleus") |
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| "cell material" Includes insides of the cell except the nucleus |
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| Contained in the cytosol, they carry out specialized functions, such as digesting nutrients or packing cellular products |
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