Have receptors for the hormone, and the hormone combines with the receptor as a key fits a lock.

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Pancreas

Testes

Ovaries

Thymus

Pineal

Divided into anterior and posterior.

Located beneath hypothalamus- helps regulate functioning.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Gonadotropic hormones

Prolactin - stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk only after childbirth

Growth Hormone - skeletal/muscular growth

Nuerons in hypothalamus have axons that extend down to posterior, synaptic knobs of nuerons release hormones directly into circulation.

Antiduiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Released in response to dehydration. Decreases urine production.

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let down.

Also plays a role in ejaculation.

Located below the larynx.

Iodine needed in order to produce T3/T4.

Secretes calcitonin- lowers Ca levels by stimulating deposition of calcium in the bones

Congenitarl Hypothyroidism

Thyroid doesn't develop properly and is characterized in a short stocky person that may be mentally retarded

[hyperthyroidism]

Characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, increased heart rate, weight loss and insomnia.

*Thyroid tumor - can also cause hyperthyroidism

Small glands embedded in the surface of thyroid gland.

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)- acts to increase blood Ca levels by promoting osteoclast activity. and promotes reabsoprtion of Ca by the kidneys.

Located on top of kidneys.

Has two parts -

1) Adrenal medulla - controlled by sympathetic nervous system

2) Adrenal cortex - portions are controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary

- inner portion

- hypothalamus initiates stimulation of hormone secretion

- produces: hormones that allow short-term response to stress (fight or flight). Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

- outer portion of adrenal glands

- produce hormone that provide long-term stress response

- 2 major hormones - Mineralcorticoids & Glucocorticoids

Secreted in response to low blood volume

Targets kidneys - increase sodium reabsoprtion

- increase blood glucose levels

- promotes breakdown of protein/fats/gluconeogenesis

- suppresses body's inflammatory response

- inhibits functioning of WBCs

Addison's disease

Bronzing of skin

Hypoglycemia/dehydration = common symptoms

Cushing syndrome - hypersecretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex.

- weight gain in trunk of body

Located behind stomach

2 tissues:

Exocrine - produces/secretes digestive juices

Endocrine - produces/secretes hormones

alpha: glucagon

beta: insulin

Glucagon

Secreted in response to low blood glucose levels

Acts to return blood glucose levels to normal

-promotes breakdown of triglycerides/proteins.

also, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Secreted in response to high blood glucose levels

Acts to return b/g levels to normal

-promotes glucose uptake by cells of boyd

-promotes synthesis of glycogen and triglycerides

- inability to control blood glucose levels

- Type 1 and Type 2

- 18 million people in US

Symptoms

- frequent urination

- unsual hunger/thirst

- unexplained change in weight

- blurred vision

- slow healing

- excessive fatigue

- produce androgen (testosterone)

stimulates growth

responsible for secondary sex attributes

larynx/vocal chords enlarge

muscular strength

- produces estrogen and progesterone

stimulates vag/uterus growth

secondary sex attributes

egg maturation

menstrual cycle

located beneath sternum

largest gland and most active during childhood

T lumphocytes (WBC) here

secretes hormones- thymosins that aid in differentiation of lymphocytes

Located in diencephalon

secretes melatonin- regulates sleep/wake cycle

regulat sexual development

- groups of potent chemicals that are not carried in bloodstream but work on neirbor cells

- smooth muscle contraction

 - many other roles in body

- aspirin/ibuprofen block synthesis of these

Lack SRY gene

Default pathway

reproductive structures develop due to absence of TDF

composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced

interstitial cells produce testosterone

1. germline - undergo meiosis, produce sperm

2. interstitial - produce T

3. sertoli - supporting germline cells

testes fail to descend to scrotum

not corrected - sterile

sperm produced in seminiferous tubules of testes

sertoli cells help nourish sperm/regulate sperm prod

head - covered by cap (acrosome) stores enzymes needed to penetrate egg

middle piece - contain mitochondria to make energy

tail - provides movement

VD - transports sperm to urethra

U - transports sperm out of body

1. seminal vesicles - produce fructose containing fluid that provides energy for sperm

2. prostate gland - contributes 60% of fluid to semen

3. bulbourethral glands - secretes an alkaline fluid(basic) and lubricants

contains erectile tissue

parasympathetic nervous system releases nitric oxide - triggers release of GMP