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| Structure-What your body is made of |
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| Function-How your body contributes to your activities |
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| the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction. Basic unito felments-stuff world is made of. Atoms are composed of nuclei containing protons, neutrons, electrions that orbit the nuclei |
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| Positively Charged The number of prtons in the nucleus specifies the element for which the atom is a unit |
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| Levels surrounding the nucleus where electrons orbit in specific energy levels 1-2 2-8 3-8or18 |
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If an Atom has more protons than electrons that atom (a cation) has a positive charce cation=positive positive about cats If an atom has more electrons than protons that atom (anion) has a negative charge Anion=negative charge |
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| charged atom or group of atoms |
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| How atoms stick together. Atoms combine to form molecules. Bonds-Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen |
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| Atoms are attracted by their charges. positive and negative are attracted to each other. Bonds between cation and anions. Ionic is medium strong. |
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| Are bond together by sharing molecules. They give each other electrons so they can have full energy levels and or share them. Non-Polar- is equal sharing. Polar is unequal sharing. covalent bonds are the most strongest |
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| When Hydrogen is bonded to one atom in a molecule but attracted to another atom in a molecule. Molecular Prmescuity. This kind of bond gives molecules very important 3-D shape. Like Hemoglobins. |
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| The cheimistry of carbon containing molecules. Each carboon molecule can participate in four covalent bonds. Carbon wants to make four covalent bonds. |
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| the number of bonds a atom can make. Combining capacity. Types of carbon bonds. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins. |
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1. Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen arranged in a ring shaped molecule called monosaccharides 2. Hydrogen and Oxygen are present in a 2:1 ratio. Carboyhdrates are important to our bodies as energy and immune function 3. They are also used as identification tags to make sure cell is correct not a virus/cancer ect. If inncorenct it is killed by white blood cells |
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contain one ring. Cluclose is a monosacharide it is a fule. Monosaccharides join together in chains forming polysaccharides. Di-Two mono Tri-three mono Glycogen are polysaccharides |
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Contain carbon, hydrogen and ozygem ratio of hydrogen to oxygen varies in lipds. Lipis include fats, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins and other important compounds. Lipids are hydrophobi and non-polar |
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Fats=one glycerol and three fatty acid side chians. Important form of stored energy May be saturated (saturated with hydrogen) monosaturated-one double bond w/o hydrogen bond Polyunsaturated two bonds w/0 hydrogen bond |
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| important molecules biologically-Chains of amino acids. Twenty different amino acids are used to create a vast array of proteins. |
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A central carbon atom A a carboxyl group ( coo- or coolt) Amino groups (NH2) or (NH3+) A Hydrogen bond One of twenty different side chains Side chains makes Amino Acids differnt-Glycine, Alanine, Leucine, Lysine, Tyrosine |
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Order varies to perform different Fuctions Enzymes-molecular machines Transport other molecules Structeral molecules-intracellular and extracellular Generate Contractile (muslce movement) Force-Role in communication and immune function |
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Important Genetic Role-DNA RNA Important cellular fule ATP Chains of Nucleotides-A nitrogenous base, a pentose suagar, one or more phospate groups Phosphates are the builidng blocks for Nucleic Acids++++ |
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| Carbohydrates and Lipids used to make ATP which we then use for cell machinary. Kind of like the gas you use for the generator to make electricity to power your tv in your RV |
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Chains of nucleotides as in DNA and RNA When we break Nucleic Acid bonds it releases lots of energy |
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Inorganic Compounds No Carbon |
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Water is one of the mos timportant ones. We like water because Suspending Medium Heat Sink-hard to heat up and cool off Coolant-helps cool off body sweating wets surface of body sweat evaporates and cools you off Solvent-A polar solvent-it dissoles things peices of molecueles are held apart by water |
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| A fluid in which other substance can be dissolved |
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| Substances that can be dissovled in a solvent |
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| A solvent plus one ore more solutes |
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| this is because it has a polar covalent bond |
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An Acid is a molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) into a hydrogen cation and any anion other than a hydroxyl A base is a molecule that dissociates into a hydrozel anion and any cation other than hydrogen Salt is a molecule that dissociates into any cation other than hydrogen and any anion other than a hydroxyl |
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Acid Base Salt Water chart
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Cation Anion Acid H+ Not OH- Base Not H+ Is OH-
Salt Not H+ Not OH-
Water H+ Is OH- |
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| a measure of concetration |
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| Lower and Higher on PH scale |
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Lower Numbers on PH scale are Higher in Hydrogen and are acidic Higher numbers are lower in Hydrogen and bases Neutral would be 7 has hte same level of Hydrogen and Hydroxyls We move over 1 decimal point for each number on the PH scale Higher for Acidic lower for base |
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Cells are the smallest living unit of your body have many different parts Have a cell membrane. |
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Serve specific functions within your cells They are your cells organs |
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Membrane separates that which is within your cell from the external environment Also called plasma membrane composed of phospholipids. THe plasmalemma-Posphate head is towards hte water and tails are faced in. head like water..tails don't It is a self seeling membrane. When something goes through it it reseales. |
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| Other molecules are present in the plasma membrane. Important in achieving selective permeability. Important in adhesion and communication. |
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| Movement across the cell membrane is a highly selective process. Some can go across and some can't |
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| The movement of substances from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. Concentration of substances even out. |
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| Is the movement across a semipermeable membrane from a region of its higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
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| Molecules that require a carrier to cross the cell membrane. Gluclose needs a carrier. |
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Molecular pumps are integral proteins that use energy (ATP) to move specific substances (generally ions) across the cell membrane. Can pump different substances in two different directions. Pg
Molecular Machines=Enzymes |
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| Mechanisms used to move large molecules, particles and droplets into the cells. |
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| Phagocytosis Phago-eating Cytosis-cell |
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| Three types of processes whereby cells engulf large molecules and particles. |
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| The blob Phagocytosis cell eating. |
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Use pseudophoia to surround particle
Particles ends up within a vesicle that is within the cell
Only some cell types have this ability. Most notable are the macrophages and related cell types. THE BLOB |
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| Chemotaxis and Pseudophodia |
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Chemotaxis-how cell moves
Pseudophdia-false feet |
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cell drinking-used to bring droplets of substances into the cell
No pseudophodia are used but otherwise similar to phagocytosis
All cells have this ability. |
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Most cells have one, some have many mature red blood cehlls have none.
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains DNA
Contains another organelle the nucleolus. |
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found w/in the nucleus
Composed mainly of RNA
Ribosomes are produced here |
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Found in cytoplasm but produced in nucleus
Most cells have higher number of ribosomes
Composed of RNA
May be free or bound In cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Channels of phospholipid bilayers that extend throughout the cell.
Site where the cell does much of its "work"
Also useful for transport within the cell
May be a granular (smooth)-no seeds- or granular endoplasmic
Agranular (smooth) is the site of much lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and many degradative reactions In cell production of proteins
Granular site of synthesis of proteins for EXPORT or membrane insertion. EXPORT |
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A stack of flattened sacks composed of phospholipid bilayer
USually found near the nucleus
Is the site of modification and packaging of proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins are carried from one layer of Golgi to the next. |
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| Vesicles w/in the cytoplasm which contain hydrolytic (break down with water) enzymes. Used to digest material brought in the cell |
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Major site of ATP production ATP is the cell's main fuel.
Contain their own DNA
encodes some of the enzymes needed by the mitochondira
Production of Gluclose into ATP is done by the Mitochondria. |
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| Gives your cell structure just as your skeleton supports your body. 3 major components. |
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