• complex
• organized (on level of molecules on up structurally)
• interdependant (upon other tissue/circumstances, etc)

• cellular
• carbon based
• dependent on water
• have metabolism
• reproduce (finite life span)
• carries genetic information
• evolution

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have three "kingdoms",

these are:

Protista (single celled)

Plantae (fungi)

Animalia (animals)

5 Characteristics of

animals

multicellular

heterotrophic (must take in nutrients)

homeostatic

responsive to stimuli

able to move

Genetically identical

but

acting in different ways

What is an

Element?

Substance that cannot be

broken down by ordinary chemical

means to produce

another substance

The 4 primary elements

are:

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Carbon (C)

Nitrogen (N)

The smallest unit of

an element.

Atom

On the planetary model

of atoms,

what is the nucleus

composed of?

Protons and neutrons

What are the charges:

Proton?

Neutron?

Electron?

Proton  +

Neutron  none

Electron  -

On the elemental chart what

does the number

above the symbol represent?

1) the atomic number

2) the number of protons

What "defines" the element?

the number of protons

2, 8, 8, 18

the numbers of electrons in

the shells of an

atom.

charged atoms

Ions

Types of bonds

Ionic (positive charge attracted to negative)

Covalent (share atoms)

Hydrogen (attraction of O and H)

Single covalent bonds

share_________.

One pair of electrons

Double covalent bonds

share__________.

Two pairs of electrons

molecules that have the same number of atoms but have different chemical structures and therefore different properties

Isomers

T or F..

Water is a POLAR molecule?

true

Name the properties of

Water.

1. Liquid at room temp
2. High heat capacity (takes more energy to heat)
3. evaporates
4. solid form is less dense
5. cohesive but flows freely
6. dissolves polar molecules and ions

Solution

one or more substances or ions

dissolved in a second one that

is generally a

liquid.

solute

substance being dissolved in a solvent

biological fluids are

_______ solutions?

aqueous

Hydrophillic

dissolves in water

(likes water)

Hydrophobic

separates in water

(fears water)

pH is the meaurement

of__________

hydrogen concentration

pH 0-7  ____

pH 7-14 ____

acid

base

In terms of pH..

H goes  up, pH goes ____

H goes down, pH goes _____

down

up

electrolyte solution

carries electrical currents

ie: salt dissolved in water

Chemical in a solution which

reduces the pH changes;

occurs naturally in body fluids.

buffers

What is a chemical reaction?

a process in which a chemical

bond is broken.

Name two types of

molecules?

organic and inorganic

Organic molecules

contain at least C and H.

Inorganic molecules

contains other elements,

DOES not contain BOTH

C and H

macromolecules consist of monomers linked together;

a monomer is?

simple organic molecule that can join in long chains with other molecules to form a more complex molecule or polymer

4 major categories of

organic molecules

Carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Examples of

Carbohydrates

are:

glucose, starch, cellulose

and glycogen

Carbohydrates are

___________

 molecules.

energy rich

True or false?

Carbohydrates provide cellular energy

and long term energy

storage.

FALSE

provide short term energy storage

Carbohydrates are

hydro_____

philic

Carbohydrate monomers

are called:

monosaccarides

(one ring and it's # of C is

between 5-6)

chains of mononmers (monosaccharides)

  polymers are called_____________

Polysaccharides

3 major polysaccharides

starch

cellulose

glycogen

table sugar is a

____________?

disaccharide

Lipids are organic molecules

that_____________.

DO NOT dissolve in water.

3 important lipids

triglycerides

phospholipids

cholesterol (and steroid hormones)

Triglyceride

a lipid, glycerol molecule

covalently bonded

to 3 fatty acid chains

phospholipid

a lipid; glycerol molecule

covalently bonded to

2 fatty acids

and 1 phosphate group

phospholipids form

_______________.

membranes

Saturated fats

C to C link is single covalent bond;

heavy H saturation;

animal fats, bad fats

unsaturated fats

C to C is double covalent bond;

open to more H;

in plants (olive oil), good fats

trans fats

plant oil processed adding more H;

bonds not formed in nature;

worst fats

steroids

lipid; basic function is to create hormones;

has base of 4 carbon rings;

subunit of protein

aminio acid

protein functions

1. forms enzymes to speed up processes
2. transports nutrients
3. body's defense (antibodies)
4. hormones
5. movement (muscle action)

Amino acids

have 3 parts:

amnio group,

acid group

and R group (functional group that differs and provides different properties)

amino acids  -  __________

__________ - polymers

monomers

proteins

Polypeptide

a long strand  of amnio acids;

primary protein structure

pleated sheets

and

helix formations

are examples of what

protein structure?

Secondary

Tertiary protein structure

includes:

both helix and  pleated

formations

quaternary

protein structure

two or more polypeptide

chains clustered

with eachother

catalyst

protein that increases

reactions

enzymes

biological catalysts

metabolic pathway

a series of enzymatic reactions

working together; products of one reaction are substrates for the next

Nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides;

DNA, RNA

Neucleotides

a type of monomer;

contains a sugar, phosphate

and a nitrogenous base

(A,T,G,C)

DNA

nucleic acid;

stores genetic information

RNA

nucleic acid;

ribose instead of deoxyribose;

nitrogenous base is Adenosine and Uracil

ATP

nucleotide;

adenosine triphosphate

process by which breakdown creates 

ADP and releases energy

Structure of DNA

nitrogenous bases drawn to "match" forming a hydrogen bond

(A,T,G,C)

creating double helix

46 individual strands

of DNA

form________

23 pairs of chromosomes

What is a cell?

the basic unit of life

Cell Theory

1. basic unit of life
2. all living things are made up of cells
3. new cells arise from preexisting cells

Parts of the cell

plasma membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

boundaries of the cell;

made of phospholipids;

selectively permeable

(transport properties vary with cell type and condtions)

nucleus

contains genetic material

cytoplasm

intracellular fluid;

contains cytosol, organelles and cytoskeleton

Stem cells

form into differentiated cells

Organelles:

golgi complex

makes proteins

receives them from rough ER ribosomes

vesicles

transport proteins  for finishing

and/or release

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(ER)

organelle found in cytoplasm;

two types - rough and smooth

Rough ER

makes proteins to be exported out of the cell by "exocytosis" or into the cell membrane;

has ribosomes

Smooth ER

found in liver (to detox),

in muscle (stores calcium);

synthesizes carbs

free ribosomes

make proteins that stay in the cell

glycocalyx

important in cellular identification;

carbohydrate forming "sticky" coating to cell membrane.

channel

protein;

allows certain components an ability to pass through membrane

receptors

hormones, neurotransmitters;

released from another cell- bind to another protein

selective permeability

allows some solutes to have high movement rates, while other have very low

movement across membrane

depends on__________

the nature of the solute (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

and

whether or not channels are present

hydrostatic pressure

force due to water pressure

ie: gravity or pump action

concentration gradient

difference in concentration from one side/place

to another

membrane potentials

membranes electrically charged;

voltage

sources of energy for cell membrane transport

hydrostatic pressure

concentration gradient

membrane potentials

ATP

Active Transport

uses energy to move particle; lower to higher concentration

"uphill concept"

Passive transport

does not need ATP to move;

diffusion

carrier mediated

requires a protein to move

filtration

particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

diffusion

a form of passive transport

osmosis

diffusion of water;

passes through the membrane primarily in pores called aquaporins

facilitated diffusion

uses a cellular channel

diffusion and concentration gradients

movement of particles from high to low

concentration

osmotic pressure

pressure cause by osmotic process;

being forced through

osmosis creates a hydrostatic

pressure that is the___________

greater the volume, the greater the pressure

True or false?

those molecules with polar charges

need a channel to pass.

TRUE

Tonicity

refers to what happens to a cell in a solution.

isotonic- same concentration in and out

hypotonic- water into cell

hyperonic- water out of cell(crenation)

hemolysis

cell fills with water and ruptures

active transport

"pump"

sodium goes from low, through channel to high using ATP

which releases energy

endocytosis

process of which a particle enters the cell;

phagocytosis- solid particle

pinocytosis - fluid

exocytosis

process by which particles leave the cell;

secretion - vesicle fuses with cell membrane  which allows release

chromatin

DNA strands that compact into chromosomes;

found in nucleus

nucleolus

center of nucleus

the endomembrane system

ER

Golgi aparatus

lysosomes and secretory vesicles

lysosomes

enzymes to break down particles and carry to cell membrane;

receives products from Golgi

cytoskeleton

 a network of protein filaments providing

support  and movement

3 types of protein filaments making

up the cytoskeleton

microfilament - individual proteins

intermediate filament 

microtubules 

cilia and flagelli

extensions of the cell membrane;

provide motility;

cillia uses  ATP

flagelli only on sperm cells

mitochondria

organelle within cell;

makes ATP

has some DNA

has own ribosomes

uses metabolic pathways

cellular respiration

3 pathways in the formation of ATP:

glycolysis -

citric acid cycle (Krebs) in mitochondria

electrons brought out to create-

electron transport chain