• Forms the blood transportation network
• Consists of the heart and blood vessels

• Returns surplus tissue fluid, leaked plasma proteins, and cellular debris to bloodstream

• Transports fluids throughout the body
• consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system

• Right heart pumps low-oxygen blood to the lungs
• Oxygen exchanged for CO2

• Oxygen rich blood returned to the left heart is pumped throughout the body

• Functional Terminal/end Arteries
• ie: Brain, liver, spleen

Anastomosis

Ana = anew, again

Stoma = mouth

-osis = condition of

• Provides alternative pathways for blood to reach an organ or body region
• Common around joints

• Ischemia
• Infarction

• (means to suppress)
• Reduction of blood supply to an organ or region

Deep vein Thrombosis 

(DVT)

• Might lead to pulmonary embolism
• danger of extended periods of sitting

• A mass that travels in the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, obstructing it
• ie. Air bubble, detached thrombus, foreign body

Arteriosclerosis

(sclerosis = hardening)

• Hardening due to buildup of cholesterol and calcium deposits
• Narrows lumen of artery
• Plaque in arteries increases likelihood of thrombus formation

• Terminal/end arteries
• No collateral circuation exists
• ie. Retina, cardiac muscle

1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries

• Aorta and its main branches
• Pulmonary trunk
• Elasticity maintains BP between heart beats

• thick layer of smooth muscle in wall
• Regulates distribution of blood to body regions

• Relatively thick muscular walls
• Main regulators of blood pressure

• Carries blood to the heart
• Tunica Adventitia is the thickest layer

• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava

• valves
• Musculovenous pump

• Functions as a counter current heat exchanger
• Has accompanying veins and vascular sheath

Vessel Wall Structure

(Artery)

• Tunica Adventitia
• Tunica Meda (thickest)
• Tunica Intima:endothelium, subendothelium, basement membrane
• Lumen
• Elastic Lamina between the tunica media and basement membrane

Vessel wall Structure

(Vein)

• Tunica Adventitia (thickest)
• Tunica Media
• Tunica Intima: endothelium, subendothelium, basement membrane
• Valve Cusp
• Elastic lamina between tunica media and basement membrane

• Carries blood away from the heart
• Tunica media is the thickest layer

• A blow to the eye that may fracture the orbital walls leaving the orbial margin intact
• Often results in intraorbital bleeding

NEEMO

• Nerves
• Eyeball
• Extrinsic ocular muscles
• Most of Lacrimal Apparatus
• Orbital Fat

• The eye socket
• surrounded by 7 bones
• Pyramid shaped

a. Base of pyramid directed anteriorily & Laterally

B. Apex directed posteriorilly and medially

Adult: Medial Umbilical Ligamentus

Function: Branches of internal Illiac; Transport fetal blood to placenta

Adult: Ligamentum Teres Hepatis

Function: Placenta to fetus

Adult: Ligamentum Venosum

Function: Shunts blood around Liver

Adult: Fossa Ovalis 

Function: Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium

Adult: Ligamentum Arteriosum

Function: Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to Aorta

• Contains the heart and lungs

Includes:

1. Superior Mediastinum
2. Pleural Cavity
3. Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

VPACT

1. Vertebral 
2. Pelvic
3. Abdominal
4. Cranial
5. Thoracic

Anterior

• Thymus and Lymph Nodes

Middle

• Heart

Posterior

• Espohagus and thoracic aorta

LUB: Mitral and tricuspid (systole)

DUB: Aortic and pulmonary (Diastole)

Diastole: heart relaxation

Systole: heart contraction

1. Cervical
2. Costal
3. Diaphragmatic
4. Mediastinal

Parietal Layer: lines fibrous pericardium

Visceral Layer: outermost layer of heart wall

• Rotation defined by direction superior pole of the eyeball moves around the A-P axix
• Transverse axis - elevation & depression
• Vertical axis - ABduction & ADduction

• Abnormally high pressure inside the eyeball (of aqueous humor in anterior & posterior chambers)
• can compress arteries supplying the retina causing blindness

• Loss of transparancy of the lens
• How to fix? = remove and replace with artificial lens

• Pigmented layer is strongly attached to vascular layer
• Neural layer's attachment is weak to pigmented layer

1. outgrowth of the brain (optic vesicle)
2. collapses on itself and turns into the optic cup
3. Outer layer of optic cup --> Pigmented layer
4. Inner layer of optic cup --> Neural layer
5. Mesenchyme --> slcera & vascular layer

Palpebral ptosis (G. a falling)

Superior eyelid droops

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) : 

1. LPS
2. IO
3. SR
4. IR
5. MR

Cranial Nerve IV (Troclear): SO

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducent): LR

• 4 Recti which attach to the anterior hemisphere of the eyeball

Superior, Inferior, Medial, and Lateral Recti

• 2 Obliques which attach to the posterior hemisphere

Superior and inferior

• Humans do not have retractor bulbi muscle

• Filled with aqueous humor
• has anterior and posterior chamber

ALL

• Anterior continuation of both layers of the optic reina as epithelial layers
• Lines ciliary body and iris
• Lacks rods & cones = nonphotoreceptive

SOR

• Single layer of highly pigmented cells
• Outer layer
• Reduces light scattering in the eyeball

ILLEA

• Inner Layer
• Light receptive
• Location of rods, cones, and other neurons
• Ends anteriorly at the ora serrata
• Avascular = supplied by diffusion from vessels in choroid layer

• Photosensitive region
• Neural layer
• Pigmented layer

• Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
• PD regulates sphincter pupillae muslce (circular smooth muscle)
• SD regulates dillator pupillae muscle (radial smooth muscle)
• Light shone into one eye causes both pupils to constrict

Presbyopia

(G. Old, old man + eye)

• Lens is pulled at its edge by intraocular pressure pushing on the sclera
• Becomes thinner for distant vision

• Smooth muscle sphincter that regulates the thickness of the lens
• innervated by PD of ANS

• Muscular as well as vascular
• Regulated by the PNS
• Produces Aqueous Humor

• Dark reddish brown layer located between the slcera and retina
• Highest perfusion rate per gram of tissue of all vascular beds in the body

• Where most blood vessels inside the eyeball are located
• Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

• White outer covering of eye; composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
• Covers the posterior of the eye 5/6 of eyeball surface

1. Retina (inner coat)
2. Vascular layer (middle coat)
3. Fibrous (outer coat)

• Superior tarsal muscle (smooth muscle = no voluntary control)
• Innervated by SNS
• Raises upper eyelid a little bit extra

• Inferior Rectus and Inferior Check ligament
• connected by fascia

• Superior rectus (major elevator of the eye)
• Levator Papebrae Superioris (LPS) = Lifts eyelid
• Fascia connects SR & LPS so you don't look at the inside of the eyelid when you look up

(g. a small lump or knot)

• Inflammation

• Sebaceous gland associated with eyelashes
• Blocked duct = Sty(e)

• A mucus membrane
• Palpebral - lines the inside of the eyelids
• Bulbar - Covers eyeball
• Fornix - bridges the above two parts

• A specialized mucosal bursa
• Space enclosed by conjunctiva
• contains and limits posterior movement of contact lenses

• Bloodshot eyes
• Caused by local irritation

• Innervated by cranial nerve VII (Facial)
• Orbital part: surrounds and covers part of orbit
• Eyelid part: Located in inferior and superior palpebrae
• Orgin and Insertion: Medial Palpebral ligament