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Definition
| Study of the structure of the body parts. It is concrete and visible through observation |
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| Study of the function of the body, its parts, and how they carry out their operations. Explainable only in reference to underlying anatomy. |
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| Weight of reference woman |
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| Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy |
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Definition
| Study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye, such as lungs heart and kidneys. |
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| Subdivisions of Gross Anatomy |
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Definition
| Regional, Systemic, and Surface anatomy |
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Definition
| All structures within a particular body region. Example: all muscles, blood, bones, nerves etc in a leg. |
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Definition
| The study of the structure and location of body parts, system by system; the study of specific organs, parts, and structures of a specific organ system of the body, e.g., nervous system anatomy, reproductive anatomy, skeletal anatomy. |
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| Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface. Example: of muscles under the skin. Surface anatomy is used to find appropriate blood vessel to draw blood or check pulse. |
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| Deals with structures to small to be seen with the naked eye |
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| Subdivisions of Microscopic anatomy |
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| The branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells, with an emphasis on the internal appearance and structure of cells, and their organelles, especially the nucleus; in clinical practice, most often applied in the detection of cancer cells |
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| Traces structural Changes that occur throughout the life span |
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Subdivision of Developmental anatomy that studies the changes that occur before birth
The branch of biology that deals with the formation, embryonic structure, early growth, and development of living organisms |
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Definition
| The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable cell membrane. |
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Definition
| The biological study of the functions of living cells, the functions of their organelles, and all biochemical aspects of cell metabolism. |
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Definition
| A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function; many are membrane bound and thus separate internal compartments which help separate different biochemical reactions by placing them in different sublocations within the cell |
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Definition
| An organized collection of two or more different cell types and associated intercellular matrix acting together to perform one or more specific functions in the body. There are two basic types of tissue: epithelial and connective, but many specific types: epidermal, bone, muscle, gland, nervous, etc. |
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| histology = microscopic anatomy = microanatomy |
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Definition
| The anatomical study of the microscopic structure of animal and plant tissues with emphasis on which cellular and intercellular structures distinguish one tissue from another; many chemical stains have been developed to assist in visualizing these internal cellular structures. |
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| A differentiated part of an organism, composed of two or more cooperating tissues, such as an eye, intestine, or heart, that performs a specific function |
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| A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent organs forming a complex functional whole; the set of organs of the body regarded as a functional physiological unit |
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| The branch of physiology that deals with the functions of the nervous system, and related disorders |
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Definition
| The branch of physiology that deals with the study of the glands, including the exocrine (duct system) glands, and their secretions (e.g., digestive juices, sweat, hormones), but especially the endocrine (ductless) glands, and their secretions (hormones, e.g., insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, estrogens, androgens, etc.) and the physiological processes they regulate, and related disorders of the glands |
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Definition
| The branch of anatomy that deals with the study of the structural changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury |
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Definition
| The branch of physiology that deals with the study of the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury. |
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Definition
| The standard anatomical reference point is the body position in which the trunk is erect or straight with the arms and feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body; this standard body position allows all directional terms to be assigned in an unambiguous way |
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Definition
| An imaginary flat surface that divides the body or a part of the body into two parts; the standard perspectives for such sections in anatomical imaging are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse (cross) sections |
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| The scientific term for the depression, or mark, in the median/midsaggital line of the abdomen, which indicates the point where the umbilical cord, which housed the blood vessels connecting the fetus to the placenta in the uterus, was separated from the fetus immediately after birth; nickname - belly button |
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| What are the six levels of biological organization in the correct sequence from smallest to largest? |
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Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal |
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Definition
(1)median = midsaggital [just saggital when not on the midline]
(2) frontal
(3) transverse = cross |
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| List the six levels of structural complexity in a human being in the correct order from smallest to largest. |
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Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal |
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Term
| Major Organs Of integumentary System |
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Definition
| skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands |
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Term
| Major Organs of the skeletal |
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Definition
| bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, red marrow |
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| Major organs of the muscular system |
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Definition
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| Major organs of the nervous system |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, peripheral ganglia |
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| Major organs of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (cortex & medulla), pancreas (islets), gonads |
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| Major organs of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) |
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| Major organs of the lymphatic and immune system |
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Definition
| red marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen |
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| Major organs of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and subdivisions of the respiratory tree, lungs |
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| Major organs of digestive system |
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Definition
| oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, appendix, rectum |
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| Major organs of the urinary system |
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Definition
| kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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| Major organs of the male reproductive system |
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Definition
| testes, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, penis |
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| Major organs of the female reproductive system |
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Definition
| ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands |
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Term
| Location Of Integumentary System |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| dorsal body cavity (brain, spinal cord), trunk, head, limbs (peripheral nerves, peripheral ganglia) |
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| Locations Endocrine System |
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Definition
| cranial cavity (pineal gland, pituitary gland), mediastinum (thymus), neck (thyroid gland, parathyroid glands), abdominal cavity (adrenal glands (cortex & medulla), pancreas (islets)), pelvic cavity (ovaries), scrotum (testes) |
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| Locations Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
| pericardial cavity (heart), trunk, head, limbs (blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)) |
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Term
| Locations Lymphatic and Immune Sys |
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Definition
| marrow cavity of bones (red marrow), mediastinum (thymus), trunk, head, limbs (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes), abdominal cavity (spleen) |
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| Location Respiratory System |
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Definition
| head (nasal cavity, pharynx), neck (larynx), mediastinum (trachea), thoracic cavity/pleural cavities (bronchi and subdivisions of the respiratory tree, lungs) |
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Term
| Location Digestive System |
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Definition
| head (oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx), mediastinum (esophagus), abdominal cavity (stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, appendix, rectum) |
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Term
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Definition
| abdominal cavity (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) |
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Term
| Location Male Reproductive System |
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Definition
| scrotal sac (testes, scrotum, ductus deferens), pelvic cavity (prostate gland), urethra, external body surface (penis) |
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| Location Female Reproductive System |
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Definition
| pelvic cavity (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina), external body surface, anterior thoracic wall (mammary glands) |
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| Function Integumentary Sys |
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Definition
| protection, thermoregulation, communication, Vitamin D synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| protection, support, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage |
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| Functions Muscular System |
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Definition
| support, movement (posture, locomotion, facial expression, communication), thermogenesis |
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Definition
| fast response control of most body processes |
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| Functions Endocrine System |
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Definition
| slow response control of most body processes |
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| Functions Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
| internal transport system for nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, regulatory molecules |
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Term
| Functions Lymphatic and Immune System |
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Definition
| contributes to fluid distribution within fluid compartments of the body, phagocytosis, non-specific and specific defenses against foreign materials and organisms, defense against tumors (cancer) |
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| Functions Respiratory System |
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Definition
| external transport system for respiratory gases to and from lungs, oxygenation of blood, acid-base regulation |
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| Functions Digestive System |
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Definition
| mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients, absorption of nutrients, elimination of indigestible components of food |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of nitrogenous wastes and surplus electrolytes and small soluble organic waste molecules, acid-base and internal fluid volume regulation |
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| Function Male Reproductive System |
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Definition
| contribute sperm for fertilization of ovum to produce new organism; support secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive behaviors |
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| Function Female Reproductive System |
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Definition
| contribute ovum for fertilization by sperm to produce new organism; support secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive behaviors; provide physiological support for internal development of fetus, for labor and delivery, and additional nutritional and immune support for newborn by lactation |
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Definition
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| Organs Within Abdominopelvic Regions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Superior, Inferior, Anterior |
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Intermediate |
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Definition
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| Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep |
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Definition
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| Body Cavities and Subcompartments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses the central nervous system; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the meninges; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and trunk and housed within the confines of the skull and vertebrae; it is arbitrarily subdivided into a cranial cavity containing the brain and a vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the superior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the brain; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the cerebral meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and housed within the confines of the skull; it contains the brain, various cerebral blood vessels, the pituitary gland, and the roots of the cranial nerves; it provides a protected space for the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the inferior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the spinal cord; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the spinal meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the vertebrae; it contains the spinal cord, various spinal blood vessels, adipose tissue, and the roots of the spinal nerves; it provides a protected space for the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs; its lining are various serous membranes; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage and trunk musculature; it is subdivided into (1) a thoracic cavity containing the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum, and (2) an abdominopelvic cavity with two partially separated subcompartments: (a) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen, and (b) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; this cavity provides a protected space for those organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The closed, partially membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity, which houses the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum; its linings are the three serous membranes known as the pleural membranes and the pericardial membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for those organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The two closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical spaces, subdivisions of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the right and left lungs respectively; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pleural membrane; it is located lateral to the mediastinum and pericardial sac on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pericardial membrane; it is located within the inferior portion of the mediastinum on the anterior of the trunk and beneath the sternum within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected, lubricated space for the heart to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| The closed sterile anatomical space, not lined by a serous membrane, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart in its pericardial sac, the great vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, and the thymus; it is located medially between the two pleural cavities to the right and left and between the thoracic vertebral column and the sternum |
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Term
| Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity (Definition) |
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Definition
| The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs, particularly those of the digestive system; its lining is a serous membrane, the peritoneal membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk, inferior to the thoracic cavity, and housed within the confines of the trunk musculature; it is arbitrarily subdivided into (1) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen (2) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; it provides a protected space for those organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses certain internal organs, the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located superiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the diaphragm muscle and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity, with which it is continuous; it provides a protected space for those organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located inferiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the abdominal cavity, with which it is continuous, and inferiorly by the walls of the pelvic girdle and its musculature; it provides a protected space for those organs |
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Term
| examples of a structure whose function is determined by its location |
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Definition
| hair, tooth, skeletal muscle, bone, joint, blood vessel |
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Definition
| The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. (The rate of overall body metabolism, the basal metabolic rate = BMR, can be estimated clinically by measuring oxygen consumption per unit time.) |
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Definition
| The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. These are the synthetic reactions of metabolism and are endergonic/endothermic; they require an input of useful chemical energy; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes |
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Definition
| The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, resulting in a release of energy. These are the breakdown reactions of metabolism and are exergonic/exothermic; they may or may not yield an output of useful chemical energy; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes |
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Definition
| The process by which food is converted into nutrient molecules which can be absorbed and assimilated by the body. It is accomplished in the digestive system, primarily in the mouth, stomach and small intestine, by the mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of foods into simpler chemical compounds |
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Definition
| The physiological processes of discharging waste molecules/matter (e.g., respiration, urine, sweat, particularly feces) from individual cells and from the body |
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Definition
| The sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same kind; procreation. |
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Definition
| The process of an individual cell, tissue, organ or organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; growth can be either an increase in the size or number of cells or both. |
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Definition
| [aka irritability] the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and then to respond to them. The body is organized into systems consisting of sensor/receptor, control center, and effector components in order to be responsive |
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Definition
| The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development. |
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Definition
| The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes by means of control/regulatory systems. |
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Definition
| [aka cytoplasm] The fluid compartment consisting of the cytoplasm (internal contents) of all the cells of the body |
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Definition
| The fluid compartment consisting of the various fluids found external to all the cells of the body. The extracellular fluid is often subdivided into the interstitial fluid and the plasma |
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Definition
| [aka lymph, intercellular fluid] The clear, yellowish fluid portion of located between cells in all tissues except blood |
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Definition
| The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements. |
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| Body Fluid Volumes in Body |
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Definition
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Term
| six life processes common to essentially all living systems/organisms |
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Definition
| six life processes common to essentially all living systems/organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
| Signal compounds produced by specific glands, endocrine glands, which are released into the blood stream to be distributed throughout the body and which trigger responses in only those tissues that have specific receptor molecules which can bind and interact with the signal compound; sometimes referred to as "first messengers. |
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| Feedback System = Homeostatic System |
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Definition
| Any biological system which a regulated, modulated, controlled, or changed by the product, output, or response it produces; such systems consist of three general components: receptors, control centers, and effectors; e.g., regulation of body temperature, blood glucose level, blood pH, etc. (See Figure 1.4 in the text and below.) |
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Definition
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Definition
| An agent, action, or condition that elicits or accelerates a physiological or psychological activity or response; a monitored change in the internal or external environment to which the body responds with appropriate behaviors or homeostatic control mechanisms; the trigger for a change in a homeostatic control mechanism; a change in an internal or external variable which can be detected and responded to by a control system in the body |
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Definition
Physiology. A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli.
Biochemistry. A molecular structure or site on the surface (a membrane protein) or interior (a cytoplasmic protein) of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters. |
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