Term
(LECTURE 30- ENDOCRINE)
endocrine gland characteristics |
|
Definition
-secretion of hormones
-ductless glands (secrete directly into bloodstream)
-well vascularized (rich blood)
-affect activities of target tissues
-slow but long lasting effect |
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|
Term
| control of hormone secretion |
|
Definition
-negative feedback mechanism
-neural control |
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Term
|
Definition
the release of some hormones is controlled by hypothalamus of brain which secretes releasing factors
-ex GH releasing factor causes pituitary to release GH |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback mechanism |
|
Definition
hormone levels=low, hormones are released
hormone level=increases, glands stop secreting hormone |
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Term
| PITUITARY Gland (hypophysis) |
|
Definition
-master gland
-regulates many body activities through its action on other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Pituitary Gland: Location |
|
Definition
-inferior surface of brain
-attached to hypothalamus
-surrounded by circle of willis |
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|
Term
| Pituitary Gland: Secretion |
|
Definition
-adenohypophysis
-neurohypophysis |
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Term
| Pituitary Secretion: ADENOHYPOPHYSIS |
|
Definition
-anterior lobe
-glandular portion
-produces 6 major hormones |
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Term
| Pituitary Secretion: NEUROHYPOPHYSIS |
|
Definition
-posterior lobe
-nervous portion
-stores and releases 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus |
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|
Term
| Pituitary Gland: HORMONES |
|
Definition
-GH
-TSH
-ACTH
-FSH
-LH
-prolactin
-oxytocin (posterior pituitary)
-ADH(posterior pituitary) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Growth Hormone
-increases protein synthesis/mitosis
-regulates growth of most cells in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
-regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland |
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Term
|
Definition
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
-controls the secretins of hormones of adrenal cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
-Luteinizing Hormone
-plays role in OVULATION
-stimulates secretion of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-stimulates follicle (ova) development in the ovary and sperm in the testes
-stimulates sex hormone secretion |
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Term
| Pituitary Hormone: PROLACTIN |
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Definition
| -plays role in secretion of milk from the mammary glands (lactation) |
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Term
| Pituitary Hormone: OXYTOCIN |
|
Definition
-stimulates uterine contractions
-promotes milk ejection from breasts
-posterior pituitary |
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Term
|
Definition
-Antidiuretic Hormone
-affects permeability of kidney tubules to reduce excretion of water
-vasopressin: controls BP, constricts blood vessels
-posterior pituitary |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-anterior neck
-inferior to larynx
-surrounds anterior and lateral parts of trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-two lobes connected by an isthmus
-may contain a pyramidal lobe
-microscopic cuboidal cells
-follicle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Hormone: T4 and T3 |
|
Definition
-both found in most cells of body
-regulates basal metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Hormone: Calcitonin |
|
Definition
-in bone
-regulates osteoclast activity and amount of calcium which leaves bone
-lowers blood Ca levels |
|
|
Term
| PARATHYROID Gland: Location |
|
Definition
-embedded posterior side of thyroid
-pea shaped |
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|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
-found in osteoclast, kidney, intestine
-increases blood Ca levels/osteoclast |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-paired glands
-located superior to kidneys |
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|
Term
| Adrenal Glands: Structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner
-activated by stress
-prepares fight/flight |
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|
Term
| A. Medulla Hormone: EPINEPHRINE (catecholamine) |
|
Definition
-found in many organs and tissues
-reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aldosterone
-cortisol/hydrocortisone
-androgens (estrogen/progesterone) |
|
|
Term
| A. Cortex Hormone: ALDOSTERONE |
|
Definition
-works on kidneys tubules
-regulates Na and K levels |
|
|
Term
| A. Cortex Hormone: CORTISOL |
|
Definition
-works on various tissues
-regulate metabolism (glucose)
-prevent of reduce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| A. Cortex Hormone: ANDROGENS |
|
Definition
-works on various tissues
-supplement gonadal hormones
-promote development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| PANCREAS: Location (endo/exo) |
|
Definition
-upper abdomen
-posterior inferior to stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
-exocrine
-endocrine (beta cells and alpha cells) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-consists of cells and ducts
-production and secretion of digestive enzymes
-duodenum of small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-insulin
-all body cells
-regulates transport of glucose into cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-glucagon
-liver
-promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspended from root of third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Pineal Gland Hormone: MELATONIN |
|
Definition
-receives/responds to input from visual pathway
-highest at night
-may effect circadian rhythm
-inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate gonads
-delays sexual maturation |
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|
Term
(LECTURE 26- RESPIRATION I)
NOSE: nasal cavity |
|
Definition
Boundaries: nares, nasopharynx, hard palate, skin, septum, roof
Lining: mucosa, goblet cells, blood vessels, olfactory epithelium |
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|
Term
| Nasal Cavity boundaries: Nasopharynx (posterior) |
|
Definition
-connects to middle ear via auditory tube
-contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) |
|
|
Term
| Nasal Cavity boundaries: Floor (inferior) |
|
Definition
| -hard palate-maxilla/palatine bone |
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|
Term
| Nasal Cavity boundaries: Skin (lateral) |
|
Definition
| Mucous membrane contain *conchae (meatuses for paranasal sinuses/nasolacrimal duct drain from these openings) |
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|
Term
| Nasal Cavity boundaries: Septum (medial wall) |
|
Definition
| Anterior cartilage, posterior bone ethmoid/vomer |
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|
Term
| Nasal Cavity boundaries: Roof (bridge) |
|
Definition
-nasal, ethmoid, frontal bones
-cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Nasal Cavity lining: Mucosa |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
|
|
Term
| Nasal Cavity lining: Goblet Cells |
|
Definition
| mucous membrane of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Nasal Cavity lining: Blood Vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nasal Cavity lining: Olfactory Epithelium |
|
Definition
| -in roof; contains specialized nerve cells/fibers (CNI) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-warms air
-sound resonance
-smell (relay to brain-CN1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
-lessen weight of bone
-sound resonance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-5 in
-skeletal muscle
-mucous membrane of stratified squamous epithelium
-connects nasal/oral cavities to esophagus/larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-middle portion; posterior to oral cavity
-contains lingual/palatine tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lowermost portion (hyoid bone to larynx)
-region where food is directed posteriorly to esophagus and air is directed anteriorly to larynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevent food from entering nasopharynx |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-connects laryngopharynx to trachea
-C4 to C6
-triangular shaped box of 9 cartilaginous plates |
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|
Term
| Larynx: 3 types of cartilaginous plates |
|
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid
-epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Cartilage ("Adam's Apple") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-signet ring shaped cartilage located inferior to thyroid cartilage
-complete ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaf shaped plate of cartilage attached posterior/inferior to thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larynx moves upward, epiglottis is tipped |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-located within larynx
-bands of elastic CT
-vibrate when air passes over to produce sound |
|
|
Term
| Trachea (windpipe): location |
|
Definition
anterior to esophagus
-connects larynx to bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Trachea (windpipe): structure |
|
Definition
-composed of 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-fibrous CT composes posterior wall
-rigid yet flexible
-lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Primary Bronchi (right and left) |
|
Definition
-begin at sternal angle
-trachea bifurcates into right/left primary bronchi
-composed of c-shaped rings of cartilage composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelim and some smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Bronchi (lobar bronchi) |
|
Definition
-one for each lobe of the lung
-left lung-2
-right lung-3
-increased amount of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary Bronchi (segmental bronchi) |
|
Definition
-one for each bronchopulmonary segment
-less cartilage, more smooth muscle
-cubiodal like epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only smooth muscle and epithelium
-open into alveoli ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple squamous lined rounded grapelike regions where air exchange occurs |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 27- RESPIRATION II)
LUNGS |
|
Definition
Surfaces: medial, costal,apex,base
Pleura: visceral, parietal, pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
| Lung Surfaces: Medial=hilum |
|
Definition
| -hilum-region where pulmonary vessels and bronchi pass into lung tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-concave
-fits over convex dome of diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-double walled sac
-encloses and protects lungs
-composed of serous membrane that secretes pleural fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adheres directly to surface of lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines walls of thoracic cavity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| space between visceral and parietal which contains pleural fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung rib 10 pleura rib 12 |
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|
Term
| intercostal space for puncture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-functional units of lung
-350 million alveoli per lung
-type I and II cells
-macrophages
-capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce detergent like sufactant prevents sticking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bronchopulmonary segments supplied by |
|
Definition
tertiary bronchi
pulmonary arterioles/venules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thin, dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
-separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
-supplied by phrenic nerve
-contains openings for aorta, IVC, and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal and external layers of skeletal muscles which help alter size of thoracic cavity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nervous system and peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-medulla/pons are respiratory centers
-hypothalamus has input
-motor neurons contract diaphragm/intercostal muscles
-baroreceptors |
|
|
Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
carotid body and aortic bodies respond to changes in pH via CO2 levels
-CN IX and X transmit message to brainstem |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure can be altered by changing the size of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-diaphragm contracts- lowers
-intercostal muscles contract-elevate ribs
-volume of throacic cavity increases, pressure decreases, air fills lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abdominal muscles contract and push organs upward to decrease size of thoracic cavity |
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|
Term
| (LECTURE 31-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I) |
|
Definition
GI Tract (alimentary canal)
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI/LI
Accessory Digestive Organs (secreted material important for GI tract): salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -obicularis oris, blood vessels, CT,skin sensory receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-maxilla/palatine bone
-mucous membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle arch
-mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cone shaped projection of soft palate
-deflects food into oropharynx |
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|
Term
| Tongue: intrinsic muscles |
|
Definition
| -interwoven skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-attached to base of tongue
-originate form other areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphoid tissue on posterior portion of tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20 deciduous
32 permanant
-incisors, canines, premolars, bicuspids, molar |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parotid glands
-submandibular glands
-sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-exocrine glands
-anterior/inferior to ear
-drains near upper 2nd molar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-just inside mandible
-drains into floor of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-under mucosa in floor of mouth
-drains into floor of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-99% water
-enzymes-lysozyme (kills bacteria, cleans teeth), amylase (starch breakdown)
-mucous
-salts (maintain pH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -lined with stratified squamous epithelium , mucous, skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| layers of digestive tract |
|
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner
-stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
-simple columnar (stomach, intestines, lots of mitochondria)
-lamnia propia-basement membrane of mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-many blood vessels (nourish mucosa/absorb nutrients)
-elastic/collagenous fibers for expansion
-nerve plexus-supply GI tract
-lacteals absorb fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-skeletal muscle at beginning and end
-smooth muscle-inner-circular-mixes
-outer-longitudinal-propels |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer covering of fibrous CT |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-located around major arteries
-transmits impulses from vagus (CN X) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-located within submucosa
-controls glands and mucosal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-located in muscularis
-major supply to smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
-collapsible muscular tube
-connects pharynx to stomach
-posterior to trachea
-begins at larynx
-passes through hiatus in diaphragm to join stomach |
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|
Term
| muscular layer of esophagus |
|
Definition
-upper skeletal
-middle both
-lower smooth |
|
|
Term
| gastroesophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| helps prevent regurgitation |
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|
Term
(LECTURE 32- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II)
Peritoneum |
|
Definition
| serous membrane (CT) which lines the abdominopelvic cavity and supports and covers most of the organs located within this cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space btwn the 2 which contains small amount of peritoneal fluid |
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|
Term
| special peritoneal membranes |
|
Definition
-isolate/protect organs of abdominopelvic cavity
-support/attachment to body wall
-numerous blood/lymphatic vessels
-stores fat
-greater omentum, lesser omentum, falciform ligament, mesentary, mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| peritoneal membranes: GREATER OMENTUM |
|
Definition
| suspended from inferior curvature of stomach |
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|
Term
| peritoneal membranes: LESSER OMENTUM |
|
Definition
| attaches lesser curvature of stomach to liver (superior) |
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|
Term
| peritoneal membranes: FALCIFORM LIGAMENT |
|
Definition
| attaches liver to inferior side of diaphragm and anterior body wall |
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|
Term
| peritoneal membranes: MESENTERY |
|
Definition
| attaches small intestine to posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| peritoneal membranes: MESOCOLON |
|
Definition
| attaches large intestine to posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not completely covered with peritoneum
-pancreas, kidney, portion of duodenum, ascending/descending colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-upper left quadrant (ULQ)
-between esophagus and small intestine
-layer of stomach wall:
mucosa=columnar
submucosa=nerve/blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
J shaped organ with 4 regions:
-cardiac
-fundus
-body
-pylorus (terminal part of stomach; has pyloric sphincter (skeletal muscle)-> regulates how much food gets into SI; common site for ulcers) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-lesser curvature
-greater curvature |
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|
Term
| stomach: layers of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| circular, longitudinal, oblique |
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|
Term
| Stomach: specializations of the inner wall (mucosal layer) |
|
Definition
-rugae
-gastric glands
-pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-folds of mucosal layer
-permit stomach to distend
-increase surface area for secretion/digestion |
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|
Term
| inner wall: GASTRIC GLANDS |
|
Definition
-chief cells
-parietal cells
-mucous(goblet) cells
-enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| GASTRIC GLANDS: chief cells |
|
Definition
| -produce pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin for protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| GASTRIC GLANDS: parietal cells |
|
Definition
| produce HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption |
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|
Term
| GASTRIC GLANDS: mucous cells (goblet) |
|
Definition
| secrete protective mucous |
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|
Term
| GASTRIC GLANDS: enteroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
| secrete hormones which influence digestive organs (gastrin) |
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|
Term
| Inner wall: PYLORIC SPHINCTER |
|
Definition
| regulates what comes from stomach into duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mechanical mixing of food and production of chyme*
-initiates protein digestion
-storage of chyme until it passes to duodenum
-minimal absorption (some drugs, alcohol) |
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|
Term
| Small Intestine: location |
|
Definition
-extends from pyloric sphincter (URQ) to large intestine
-occupies central and lower portion of abdominal cavity
-mucous (innermost)=simple columnar
-submucosa=blood vsl, nerves, lymphatics
-muscularis=smooth muscle, serosa, CT |
|
|
Term
| Small Intestine: 3 Regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-c-shaped first 10 in
-retroperitoneal
-duodenal papilla
-Brunner's gland |
|
|
Term
| Duodenum: Duodenal papilla |
|
Definition
| opening through which bile and pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Duodenum: Brunner's gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle, slightly larger lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contains Peyer's patches (clusters of lymph) |
|
|
Term
| Small Intestine: function |
|
Definition
-major site of chemical digestion
-mechanical mixing
-major site of absorption of nutrients
-propels undigested nutrients or materials to large intestine |
|
|
Term
| structural specialization of intestinal wall |
|
Definition
-plicae circulares
-villi (microvilli, lacteals)
-intestinal glands |
|
|
Term
| intestinal wall: plicae circulares |
|
Definition
| deep folds of mucosa; increases surfae area (like rugae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections increase SA contain capillary network and a lacteal to transport nutrients |
|
|
Term
| intestinal wall: microvilli |
|
Definition
| columnar cells; promotes absorption |
|
|
Term
| intestinal wall: intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Intestine (colon): location |
|
Definition
-start in LRQ
-extends superior to liver
-passes left to spleen
-descends left of pelvis
-terminates at anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cecum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dilated pouch at junction of small and large intestines
-ileocecal valve: prevents food from moving back up; guards opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -s-shaped from left side to center of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in midline, leads to anal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passage leading to:
-anus=external opening (stratified squamous-protective epithelium)
-sphincters=guards opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle (some control) |
|
|
Term
| hepatic flexure (right colic flexure) |
|
Definition
| ascending/transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| splenic flexure (left colic flexure) |
|
Definition
| -descending colon and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| structural specialization of the wall of large intestine |
|
Definition
-taeniae coli
-haustra
-epiploic appendages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L.I Wall: epiploic appendages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Intestine: function |
|
Definition
-completes absorption of water*
-manufactures vitamins
-contains normal flora
-formation, storage, expulsion of feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-LRQ
-retrocecal (behind cecum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fingerlike projections 2-3 in
-blind pouch
-contains lymph tissue |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 33- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III)
Liver: location |
|
Definition
-URQ
-just beneath diaphragm; partially protected by rib cage
(2nd largest organ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-right, left
-quadrate/caudate (posterior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of peritoneum which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fibrous cord which extends from liver to umbilicus
-derived from umbilical vein of fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hepatocytes
-bile canaliculi
-central vein
-sinusoids
-portal triad |
|
|
Term
| liver lobule: hepatocytes |
|
Definition
-glandular cuboidal cells
-arranged in "plates" or rows |
|
|
Term
| liver lobule: bile canaliculi |
|
Definition
| -small channels passing between rows of cells which transport bile secreted by liver cells |
|
|
Term
| liver lobule: central vein |
|
Definition
| -collects blood and transports to hepatic vein and onto IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passageways which transport blood past hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| liver lobule: portal triad |
|
Definition
| portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct (union of canaliculi) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hepatic artery/hepatic portal vein
-liver/sinusoids
-central vein
-hepatic vein
-IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synthesis/storage
-removal of toxic substances
-Kupffer cells (phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bile, glycogen, blood proteins (albumin, clotthing factors), vitamin (ADEK)
-removal of toxic substances**
-kupffer cells: phagocytize aged RBC, bacteria, ect |
|
|
Term
| Liver: composition of bile (yellowish green fluid) |
|
Definition
-water
-cholesterol
-bile pigments
-bile salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bile pigment
-breakdown product of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Bile: pathways for secretion |
|
Definition
-canaliculi
-right/left hepatic ducts
-gall bladder (cystic duct)/small intestine (common bile duct) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to inferior posterior surface of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pear shaped sac
-lined with mucosa which absorbs water and contains smooth muscle to expel bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration, storage, expels bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior abdominal wall
-posterior stomach
-extends from spleen to duodenum
-retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-glandular organ that contains several different cell types and an elaborate duct system
-head body tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-exocrine-produces pancreatic enzymes which digest food in small intestine
-endocrine-insulin, glucagon |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 34- URINARY SYSTEM I)
Kidneys |
|
Definition
-paired organs located in abdominal cavity
-3 types formed during embryonic development (3rd type become permanent during 8th week)
-urine expelled into amniotic fluid
-formed in pelvis->upper post of abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-abdominal cavity
-retroperitoneal
-T12-L3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clears blood of waste products/toxins
-regulates concentration of substances in body (water,salt)
-produces erthropoetin (affects RBC production)
-produces renin (influences BP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-indentation on medial side
-renal vessels enter/leave
-ureter leaves (transports urine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-renal capsule-inner CT
-perirenal fat-adipose tissue
-renal fascia-CT that anchors kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-renal cortex
-renal medulla
-major/minor calyces
-renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Internal Kidney: renal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal Kidney: renal medulla |
|
Definition
-inner
-contains primary tubules and vessels |
|
|
Term
| Internal Kidney: major/minor calyces |
|
Definition
-funnel shaped chambers which receive urine produced by nephron
-located in renal pyramid
-join to form renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Internal Kidney: renal pelvis |
|
Definition
-dilated, uppermost portion of ureter
-located at hilum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-renal artery
-afferent arterioles
-glomerulus
-efferent arterioles
-peritubular capillaries
-venules
-renal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerulus and peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-specialized network of capillaries
-in renal cortex between afferent/efferent arterioles
-composed of fenestrated epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Glomerulus: fenestrated epithelium |
|
Definition
| specialized epithelium in which there are spaces between cells |
|
|
Term
| Kidney: peritubular capillaries |
|
Definition
-branches off efferent arteriole
-empty into kidneys venous system
-site of reabsorption of water and other substances |
|
|
Term
| TUBULAR portion of nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-double walled cup shaped
-surrounds glomerulus
-lined with epithelium
-podocytes
-filtration slits
-selectively permeable |
|
|
Term
| Bowman's capsule: podocytes |
|
Definition
| specialized cells with extensions that surround glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spaces between foot processes guarded by a thin membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fenestrated epithelium
-basement membrane of glomerular capillary
-thin membrane covering filtration slit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-common collecting tubules
-renal pyramids
-minor/major calyces
-renal pelvis
-urinary bladder
-urethra |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 35- URINARY II)
Ureters: location |
|
Definition
-renal pelvis to bladder
-retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscosa: transitional epithelium
-submucosa: nerves/blood vessels
-muscularis layer: smooth muscle, fibrous CT |
|
|
Term
| Urinary bladder: location |
|
Definition
-posterior to pubic bone
-anterior to rectum
-inferior to peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
empty: within pelvic cavity
full: extends into abdomen (may reach umbilicus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mucosa: innermost, rugae, transitional epithelium
-submucosa: supports mucosa, nerves/blood vessels
-muscularis: smooth/detrusor muscle
-serosa: CT |
|
|
Term
| Urinary bladder: function |
|
Definition
| store/expel urine; PARASYMPATHETIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neck of bladder to urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
| FEMALE urethra: structure |
|
Definition
-urinary only
-3 cm (prone to UTI)
-urethral orifice between labii minor
-anterior to vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-urinary and REPRODUCTIVE
-20 cm
-urethral orifice at end of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prostatic
-membranous
-penile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-passes through prostate
-receives secretions from prostate and ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pass through urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| within penis; ends at urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Internal: involuntary, smooth muscle
External: voluntary; skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Steps to MICTURATION (urination) |
|
Definition
-involuntary/voluntary responses
-bladder fills
-stretch receptors send message to sacral region
-parasympathetic nerve impulses travel to detrusor (contracts) and internal urethral sphincter (relaxes)
-brain perceives urgency to urinate
-brain relays efferent impulse to external urethral sphincter (pudenal nerve)to relax |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 36- Male Reproductive)
Testes: location/function |
|
Definition
-outside of pelvic cavity within scrotum
-sperm/testosterone production
-well vascularized; surrounded by CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial cells of Leydey
-mature sperm |
|
|
Term
| Testes: seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
-functional unit
-site of sperm production
-developing spermatogonia
-Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| Seminiferous Tubules: SERTOLI cells |
|
Definition
-nurse cells
-line tubules and produce nutrients to maintain developing sperm |
|
|
Term
| Testes: Interstitial cells of Leydig |
|
Definition
-part of endocrine
-produce and secrete testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-head body tail
-acrosome (located at top of head, enzymes to penetrate ovum)
-23 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 48-72 hours after ejaculation at body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows passage of the spermatic cord and testes out of the abdomen into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Very Tiny Penises Need Love
-vas deferens
-testicular artery
-pamipiniform plexus of veins
-nerves
-lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to posterior surface of testes |
|
|
Term
| Epididymis: structure and contents |
|
Definition
| -17 ft coiled tube containing millions of sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stores sperm
-transports sperm from testes to vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| (Ductus)/Vas Deferens: location |
|
Definition
| -passes from scrotum within the spermatic cord to enter pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior to prostate
-passes through prostate gland to join the prostatic urethra
-formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| Seminal vesicles: location |
|
Definition
| posterior to bladder near base |
|
|
Term
| seminal vesicles: structure |
|
Definition
| glandular organ which contain smooth muscle to release contents |
|
|
Term
| seminal vesicles: function |
|
Definition
-produce alkaline secretion rich in fructose for sperm (60% sperm's energy)
-secretes prostaglandins to cause uterine contractions to help sperm move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inferior to neck of bladder
-surrounds prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -secretes alkaline fluid containing enzymes to neutralize acidic vagina |
|
|
Term
| Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands: location |
|
Definition
| muscular layer of pelvic floor |
|
|
Term
| Bulbourethral glands: structure |
|
Definition
| small gland with a duct opening into the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete mucous like fluid which lubricates urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sac-like structure covered by fascia (CT) and skin
-contains muscle fibers (Cremaster muscle**)--> regulates temp and position of testes
-optimum temp for sperm production 95F |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 37- Female Reproductive)
Ovaries: location |
|
Definition
-lateral wall of abdominopelvic cavity
-approx at lvl of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue connected to both lateral pelvic wall and the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -production of mature ova, estrogen, progesterone (NEED FSH AND LH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovary: primordial (primary) follicles |
|
Definition
-immature (ova and surrounding capsule)
-approx 400,000 at birth
-secondary follicles |
|
|
Term
| Ovary: Graafian follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"glandular" structure which develops from follicle after ova has been extruded
-secretes estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degenerated corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| ovaries contain ____ follicles at birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follicles that develop into mature ova |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fallopian tubes: location |
|
Definition
| extend laterally from uterus |
|
|
Term
| Fallopian tubes (oviduct): structure |
|
Definition
-10 in long muscular tube
-funnel shaped end
-fimbriae: fingerlike projections |
|
|
Term
| Fallopian tubes: function |
|
Definition
-communicate with uterus (rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle)
-transport ova from ovaries to uterus
-site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-between bladder and rectum
-anteflexed (tilted slightly anteriorly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-provides a site for implantation/developing of fertilized ova
-capable of contracting to aid in delivering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hollow pear shaped
-thick muscular walls
-fundus, body, cervix
-4 paired ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium |
|
|
Term
| Uterine wall: perimetrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle; affected by oxytocin- stimulates contraction |
|
|
Term
| Uterine wall: endometrium |
|
Definition
-mucosal layer
-stratum functionale
-stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| Endometrium: stratum functionale |
|
Definition
-superficial
-shed during menstruation |
|
|
Term
| Endometrium: stratum basale |
|
Definition
-deep to stratum functionale
-very vascular
-rebuild tissue shed during menstruation |
|
|
Term
| Vagina (Birth Canal): location |
|
Definition
| posterior to bladder/urethra, anterior to rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spaces formed by protrusion of cervix into vagina (posterior/lateral/anterior fornix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane which may partially cover vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
| Vagina Structure: vaginal wall |
|
Definition
-mucosal layer
-muscular layer: smooth muscle
-fibrous layer: outermost, CT |
|
|
Term
| vaginal wall: mucosal layer |
|
Definition
-innermost, stratified squamous
-secrete acidic environment |
|
|
Term
| Vulva (external genitalia): mons pubis |
|
Definition
-pad of adipose tissue
-covers symphysis pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened longitudinal folds of skin which protect genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small folds of skin located medial to labia majora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small rounded projection of erectile tissue
-anterior to urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-region enclosed by labia minora
-contains vaginal and urethral orifices |
|
|
Term
| Vulva: vestibular glands(Bartolin's gland) |
|
Definition
| secretes mucous into vestibule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triangular region bounded by pubic arch, coccyx, ischiopubic rami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-modified sweat glands and adipose tissue
-exocrine; uses ducts
-overlies pectoralis major
-extends from rib 2-6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glandular tissue separated by adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-alveoli: sacs that secrete milk
-suspensory ligaments of Cooper: CT
-lactiferous duct: carries milk from gland to nipple (PROLACTIN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammary Glands: lymphatic drainage |
|
Definition
| 75% of lymph drains towards axillary nodes |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 38- Reproductive Cycle)
reproductive cycle occurs every |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -production/release of ovum, estrogen+ progesterone (FSH+LH) |
|
|
Term
| Uterine/Endometrial cycle |
|
Definition
| prepares for implantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hypothalamus secretes FSH releasing factor
-anterior pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH stimulates follicle maturation
-follice produces estrogen
-estrogen causes endometrium to thicken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior pituitary secretes LH
-LH stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum
-corpus luteum secretes estrogen/progesterone
-estrogen/progesterone cause endometrium to further develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-corpus luteum degenerates
-concentration of hormones
-blood vessels of uterine lining constrict
-stratum functionale of endometrium sloughs away (menstrual flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fertilized egg travels to uterus
-implantation occurs
-HCG is produced by fetal membranes
-HCG prevents degeneration of corpus luteum
-corpus luteum maintain endometrium
-placenta develops and takes over production of hormones for corpus luteum (which degenerates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sperm travel through vagina and enter cervix of uterus
-300-500 million killed by acidic environment
-sperm pass through uterus and enter fallopian tubes with aid of contraction of myometrium
-fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
| ovum only capable of being fertilized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm can remain viable in reproductive tract for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| implantation/placenta development (1-4) |
|
Definition
-fertilized ovum takes about 6 days to reach uterus
-implantation occurs in posterior wall of body of uterus
-developing embryo burrows in endometrium of uterus until it is completely enclosed in a layer of maternal tissue
-placenta develops from maternal and fetal tissue |
|
|
Term
| implantation/placenta development (5-8) |
|
Definition
-villi penetrate the endometrium until they are surrounded by pools of maternal blood which comes from uterine vessels
-internal iliac arteries of fetus give off two umbilical arteries which travel through umbilical cord and penetrate these villi
-oxygen and other nutrients diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood (no mixing)
-fetal blood returned through umbilical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Seven Up
-seminal vesicle
-epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-urethra
-penis |
|
|
