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•study of structure & the relationship among structures |
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| study of the functions of body parts |
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| Levels of Biological Organization |
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Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism |
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| There are 11 major body systems: |
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Integumentary (ch.5)
Skeletal (ch. 6-9)
Muscular (ch. 10-11)
Nervous (ch. 12-15)
Endocrine (ch. 18)
Cardiovascular
(ch.19-21)
Lymphatic (ch. 22)
Respiratory (ch. 23)
Digestive (ch. 24-25)
Urinary (ch. 26- 27)
Reproductive
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| All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things |
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| Life processes in humans include |
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metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction |
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| Organisms regulate their metabolic processes |
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| metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism, important in maintaining homeostasis |
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| sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
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| breakdown of complex molecules into simpler substances |
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| building of complex molecules from simpler ones |
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| ability to respond to changes in the internal & external environment |
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| any physical or chemical change in the environment that elicits a response |
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| Motion of organelles, cells, organs, body |
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| increase in the number or size of cells & organism |
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| changes that take place during the life of an organism |
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| change that a cell undergoes to develop from unspecialized → specialized |
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| formation of new cells, there are 2 types |
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only one parent is involved
Mitosis |
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Provides for genetic continuity
Growth
Repair
Replacement |
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2 parent cells are involved
Meiosis |
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Provides genetic variability
Ex. Sperm & egg unite to form a zygote |
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a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes
When homeostasis is disrupted, disease, disorder, or even death may result. |
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| Stimulus (disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a) > Controlled Condition (that's monitored by) > Receptors (INPUT - that send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a) Control Center (OUTPUT - that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to) > Effectors (that bring about a change or) > Response that alters the controlled condition > Return to homeostasis when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal > |
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| Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback |
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| Stimulus (disrupts homeostasis by increasing) > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels, INPUT - nerve impulses) > Control Center (brain, OUTPUT - nerve impulses) > Effectors (heart, blood vessels) > Response (a decrease in heart rate and the dilation of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease > Return to homeostasis when the response brings blood pressure back to normal > |
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| Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback |
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| Contractions of the wall of the uterus force the baby's head or body into the cervix (increasing) > Controlled condition (stretching of the cervix) > Receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in the cervix, INPUT - nerve impulses) > Control Center (brain, OUTPUT - brain interprets input and releases oxytocin) > Effectors (muscles in the wall of the uterus, contract more forcefully) > Response (baby's body stretches the cervix more > Interruption of the cycle: The birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle OR > Increased stretching of the cervix causes the release of more oxytocin, which results in more stretching of the cervix > |
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| There's no intermediate situation |
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| Basic Anatomical Terminology |
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Body positions
Regional names
Directional terms
Planes and sections
Body cavities |
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a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference.
Standing feet together
Facing the observer
Arms at side
Palms facing forward |
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| Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference. |
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| Cranial (skull), Facial (face) |
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| Tarsal (ankle), Digital or phalangeal (toes) |
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| region of anus and external genitals |
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| used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another |
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| Lateral<--->Medial<--->Lateral |
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| imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body |
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| spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs |
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| formed by cranial bones and contains brain |
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| formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves |
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| chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the medastinum |
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| a potential space b/w the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung |
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| A potential space b/w the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart. |
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| Central portion of thoracic cavity b/w the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels. |
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| subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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| contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity's the pertoneum |
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| Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction |
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