Term
| Is ammonia or uric acid more toxic? What is ammonias pH level? |
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Definition
Ammonia is more toxic, pH=11
Uric acid is the least toxic. |
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Term
| What type of nitrogenous wastes do the kidneys excrete? Which is the most abundant? |
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Definition
| Organic nitrogen-containing molecules such as urea, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Urea is the most abundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The build up of uric acid, usually in the big toe. |
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Term
| Where is the ureter located? What is its function? |
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Definition
The paired ureters pass posteriorly to the bladder and enters it from below.
The ureters transport urine to the bladder. |
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Term
| Where is the urethra located? What is its function? |
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Definition
In females, it is bound to the anterior wall of the vagina. In males, it begins at the bladder and ends at the end of the penis.
The urethra transports urine out of the body. |
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Term
| Where are the kidneys located? |
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Definition
Beneath the parietal peritoneum against the dorsal body wall (RETROPERITONEAL).
In the superior lumbar region, they are protected by the lower rib cage. |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the kidney. |
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Definition
1. Filtering blood plasma
2. Regulating osmolarity
3. Regulating blood volume and blood pressure
4. Secreting erythropoeitin |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the kidney from inner to outer? |
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Definition
1. Renal fascia-"anchoring system"
2. Adipose capsule-fat surrounding renal capsule
3. Renal capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening into the renal sinus. |
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Term
| What is a glomerulus? Bowmans capsule? What do they make up? |
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Definition
The glomerulus, a knot of capillaries, and the Bowmans capsule make up a nephron.
Bowman's capsule has 2 layers-parietal and visceral. It also contains podocytes. |
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Term
| What is a nephron? How many are there per kidney? |
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Definition
| A nephron is the kidneys filtration unit, and there are generally 1.25 million per kidney. |
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Term
| Describe the process of nephron drainage. (Briefly) |
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Definition
1. Afferent anterioles supply one neuron and lead to the glomerulus
2. The glomulerus drains into efferent anterioles
3. Blood then flows to the interlobular, arcuate, and renal veins (in that order), then the blood travels to the parallel arteries
3. The renal vein leaves the hilum and drains into the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| What is the PCT? What does it do in the renal tubule? |
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Definition
| The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) carries out tubular reabsportion and secretion. It arises from the glomerular capsule. |
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Term
| What is the DCT? What does it do? |
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Definition
| The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is the end of the renal tubule. It absorbs sodium, chloride, calcium, and water. It also secretes potassium and hydrogen. |
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Term
| Where is the Loop of Henle located? What does it do? |
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Definition
| It is located in the medulla, is U-shaped, and contains ascending&descending limbs. It reabsorbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in Bowman's capsule, podocytes form filtration slits where fluid from blood leaks through. |
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Term
| What type of cells make up the glomerulus layers? What does the inner wall contain? |
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Definition
| Both are made of simple squamous epithelium, and the inner wall also contains capillaries, which the cells wrap around. |
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Term
| Describe filtration. Where does it take place? |
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Definition
| During filtration, blood in the afferent arteriole is under high pressure and leaves through efferent arteriole. It occurs in the glomerulus. |
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Term
| Describe reabsorption. What type of transport does it use? |
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Definition
| Reabsorption is dependent on active transport, because filtration contains wastes as well as useful substances, which are returned to the blood through reabsorption. |
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Term
| What is secretion important in controlling the pH level of? |
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Definition
| The blood-substances move from cells or blood into the filtrate. |
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Term
| How do the ureters enter the bladder? |
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Definition
They connect the kidney to the bladder and enter obliquely.
This entrance serves to close off and prevent backflow of urine when the bladder is full. |
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Term
| What can backflow of the bladder cause? |
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Definition
| Bacterial kidney infection. |
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Term
| What is the name of the muscle that squeezes the bladder? What type of muscle is it? |
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Definition
| The detrusor muscle--smooth muscle. |
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Term
| What is the name of the muscle that funnels urine into the urethra? |
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Definition
| The trigone muscle, also the floor of the bladder. |
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Term
| What type of reflex empties the bladder? How many mL of urine can a male hold? |
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Definition
A micturition reflex.
Up to 800 mL! |
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Term
| What are the two sphincter muscles of the urethra? Differentiate between the two. |
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Definition
The external and internal urtheral sphincters.
External=voluntary control, encircles urethra&passes through pelvic floor, skeletal muscle
Internal=involuntary control, near detrusor muscle and urethra, compresses urethra and retains urine in the bladder, smooth muscle. |
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Term
| What are the 3 sections of the male urethra? Where is each located? |
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Definition
1. Prostatic urethra-travels through prostate gland
2. Membranous urethra-travels through muscle at base of abdominopelvic cavity
3. Penile (spongy) urethra-from urogenital diaphragm to tip of penis |
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Term
| What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? What are 3 symptoms? |
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Definition
Enlargement of the prostate gland after age 50. The prostate constricts the urethra.
Symptoms include:
1. Irritated bladder wall
2. Contracting little urine
3. Infection/stones in bladder
4. Hesitant/weak stream
5. Urgency
6. Frequent urination, particularly at night |
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Term
| What are kidney stones made of? Where are the 2 places they tend to lodge? |
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Definition
Mostly calcium oxalate or uric acid.
It is very painful because they tend to lodge where the renal pelvis narrows into the ureter or where the ureter enters the bladder. It can also radiate to the inner thigh. |
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