How many triangles of the neck are there? What are they?

There are two- Anterior and Posterior

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

Anterior triangle boundaries in Cat: sternohyoid, sternomastoid, digastric.

Human: Sternohyoid, Sternocleidomastoid, digastric.

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

Cat boundaries: Cleidomastoid, clavicle, clavotrapezius

Human boundaries: Sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, trapezius

1. What arteries are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Common Carotid

Cranial laryngeal

Cranial Thyroid

Muscular

External Carotid

Sublingual

Occipital

Internal Carotid

External Maxillary

What nerves are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Hypoglossal nerve XII

Vagus Nerve X

Sympathetic Trunk

Vagosympathetic Trunk

Spinal Accessory Nerve XI

What veins are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Internal Jugular Vein

External Jugular Vein

What bones are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Mandible

Hyoid

What glands are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Thyroid gland

Lymph Nodes

What is the origin of the larynx cartilages?

Same origin as the mandible, tracheal cartilage, hyoid bone.

What cartilage in the larynx makes a complete circle?

Cricoid cartilage

What cartilage in the larynx is split in 2?

Arytenoid cartilage

What forms the walls of the glottis?

Walls are form by the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages.

Do tracheal cartilages make a complete circle?

NO they do not.

What does the epiglottis cover and why?

It covers the glottis to prevent food & drink from entering the pharynx during swallowing.

What are the only paired cartilages we'll study in the larynx?

Arytenoid cartilages

What anchors the vocal cords?

Arytenoid Cartilage

How do vocal cords make sound?

They vibrate when air passes over them.

How are words formed?

Words are formed in the oral cavity with the tongue.

What pulls the vocal cords open and closed?

Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle opens them.

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle closes them.

1. What bilobate endocrine gland is adjacent to the trachea and inferior to the larynx?

Thyroid Gland

1. Where is the Sella turcica?

Sphenoid bone

Where is the Crista Galli?

Ethmoid Bone

What makes up the nasal septum?

Where is the eustachian tube and what does it do?

The Eustachian Tube or, the Pharyngotympanic tube, goes from the middle ear to the narsopharynx and it drains the middle ear and equalizes pressure on both sides of the tempanic membrane to prevent the tempanic membran from rupturing.

What structures make up the hard palate?

Maxillary and palatine bones.

What is another word for Eustachian tube?

Pharyngotympanic tube

Where is the soft palate and what is it's job?

The soft palate is deep to the hard palate (behind it- an extension of it) and it's job is to assist in peristalsis when swallowing.

Where is the uvula?

It is located posteriorly on the soft palate

Where is the nasopharynx and what's in it?

Uppermost part of the pharynx, extends from the base of the skull up to upper surface of the soft palate. Contains 2 tonsils, Pharyngeal and tubal.

Where and what is the ornopharynx?

From  the soft palate to the epiglottis and it contains the palatine and the lingual tonsils.

What and where is the laryngopharynx?

From esophagus to trachea.

How many openings are there into and out of the pharynx?(List them)

There are seven. Oral cavity, internal nares (2), eustachian tubes (2), esophagus, trachea.

What are the 3 components that make up teeth?

1) Hydroxyapatite

2) Bone collagen

3) Cells

What are teeth from an evolutionary perspective?

Modified scales.

7.2

What dissolves hydroxyapatite? (It's an insoluable salt)

Acid.

What are the sources of having acid in the mouth?

Acidic foods, stomach acids (throwing up, regurgitating) bacterial wastes.

How does fluoride work?

It changes the tooth chemistry to preven it from dissolving.

What is the functional importance of chewing?

It is the begining of the digestive process, also, excellent example of miniaturization, smaller pieces make for easier motility (swallowing) mixes the food with saliva.

1)Enamel: 92% hydroxyapatite, 2 to 2.5 mm thick, hardest material in the body.

2) Dentin: Deep to the enamel, more porous than enamel, 64.5% hydroxyapatite. Extends down into root, hard material of root.

3) Pulp cavity: Inside the dentin, contains the nerves and the vascular supply.

What are dental nerves sensitive too?

Pressure and temperature.

What nerve serves the teeth in the maxillary bone?

Maxillary nerve V2

What nerve serves the teeth in the mandible?

Mandibular nerve V3

What does the gingiva do?

Forms a seal against the tooth and protects the dentin.

What is the alveolus and what is it's purpose?

It is a depression in the bone that the root of the tooth anchors to and it is form from the alveolar bone.

What is cementum and what does it do?

Cementum is calcified connective tissue and it helps to anchor the tooth into the alveolus.

Define periodontal ligament.

It is a continuation of the periosteum, surrounds the root of the tooth and attaches to cementum.

What kind of gland produces saliva?

Exocrine gland

What is saliva and what does it do?

Where does the duct for the parotid salivary gland open in the mouth?

Duct opens between the last two molars in the maxillary bone.

Where does the mandibular salivary gland duct open in the mouth?

This duct dumps saliva out at the angle of the mandibular bone.

Where does the sublingual salivary gland duct empty in the mouth?

It opens superior to the gland itself and inferior to the tongue.