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| Deals with the digestive tract; how food moves through digestion and what organs are involved, and how vitamins and minerals are absorbed. |
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| What is the path of food? |
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-mouth (tongue and salivary glands) -esophagus -stomach -liver -gallbladder -small intestine -large intestine -rectum -anus |
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| Your tongue is used to taste foods, to help you swallow and also allows you to talk. Your salivary glands produce saliva. Saliva is a fluid that moistens food for organs and helps you chew. |
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| A tube leading from your mouth to your stomach. It moves food downward by peristalsis and its muscles (around the esophagus). They move in rhythmic pulses to force food to the stomach. |
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Mixes, grinds, and changes the texture of food. It has mucus-lined walls to protect itself from the bile and enzymes in contains. It makes the food into a mush. |
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| Makes bile for the small intestine. Bile is sent to the gallbladder for temporary storage. The liver also filters blood. |
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| Receives and stores bile from the liver. It sends the bile to the small intestine. Sometimes it expires and needs to be replaced. It dies easily. |
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| Breaks down food using bile and enzymes. There are three sections; the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. Its up to twenty feet long in adults. The small intestine is longer and thinner than the large intestine. |
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| Connects the small intestine to the rectum. It cleans all extra liquid out of the food. Youre left with a thick, gross paste. |
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Stores feces. Feces exits when bowel muscles relax. |
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| End of the digestive system. Feces exits here. Its surrounded by muscles. The sphinctor (muscle?) relaxes to let urine and feces out, and contracts to hold it in. |
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| Makes enzymes and lipase that helps bile during digestion. It makes endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine is easier on the pancreas and exocrine breaks down food even further. |
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| Isnt really necessary. Sometimes it causes strong pain and needs to be removed (appendicitis). |
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-Heartburn -Gastric Cancer -Gallstones -Regurgitation -Esopagul Cancer -Hepatitus A, B, & C -Hemmorrhoids -Gallbladder Cancer -Colon or Rectal Cancer -Appendicitis |
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| Study of the lungs, breathing and how the body gets oxygen. |
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| Rubbery cartilage that is split down the center making two nostrils. That is where air enters the body. It contains mucus and cilia to filter bacteria out, and is the sensory organ for smell. It is located at the top of the pharynx. |
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| Divided into two sections, at the top of the larynx and contains the epiglottis. |
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Voicebox. Is located after the pharynx. It contains your vocal cords. |
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| Separate to let air through without making noise, or vibrate against eachother to produce sounds. |
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| Windpipe. Is located below the larynx. It leads air into the bronchi. It has cartilage rings on the outside so that when swallowing food, the trachea isnt squished by the esopagus. |
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| The 'flap' that closes off the trachea when youre swallowing so food doesnt go down your windpipe. |
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| Two bronchus. Tube things that lead to each lung (one to each). |
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| Two lungs. Contain bronchioles (branching from bronchi) and alveoli (capped with capillaries). They are located in the rib cage with the heart in between them. Lungs are spongy and soft. The left lung has two lobes and the right lung has three. |
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In the lungs branched off from the bronchi. Small, branching tubes that lead air into the alveoli. |
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| Tiny air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. Respiration takes place here. There are over 480 million alveoli in your body. |
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| A huge muscle. Pulls down on lungs and air is drawn in. Release and exhale. Muscles on rib cage help the diapragm function. |
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Happens in the alveoli. Oxygen molecues diffuse from the alveoli into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide molecules diffuse from the bloodstream to the alveoli to be exhaled out. |
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-asthma -pneumonia -lung cancer -bronchitis -emphysema -tuberculosis (most of these ^^ diseases can be caused by smoking) |
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| Study of the circulatory system, including the main pumping organ (your heart). |
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| Blue, thin and take blood to the heart. |
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| Red, 1 thick muscle layer, 1 thick elastic layer, takes oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. |
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| 1 cell thick, give blood oxygen and nutrients, and give blood to tissues. |
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De-oxygenated blood to lungs. |
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| 99% of arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery. |
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| Clean 20% of blood in body. Blood enters kidneys through a vein so they can filter waster from blood into tiny units. The waster goes to the bladder and cleaned blood goes out a veing to the rest of the body. |
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-Plasma ~ Makes blood a liquid. Without it, blood would just be a mass of cells. -Platelets ~ Prevents blood clots and help make scabs. -White Blood Cells ~ Cleans body. -Red Blood Cells ~ Gives blood redness, and gives oxygen to tissues. |
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| Measurement of the strength of your blood flow. |
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Measured by feeling an artery. -Rate goes up when excercising. -Rate goes down when sleeping. |
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| Arteries that lead straight to the heart and can get blocked by plaque. |
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| Cholesterol, fibrin, calcium, and more fatty materials. |
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Slows down or even stops blood flow. That can cause a heart attack. |
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-Has nothing to do with the heart. It is when the opening in the stomach doesnt close and acids get into your esophagus, causing irritation. It can be caused by eating a large meal, or laying down. It can last a few minutes or a few hours. You feel burning and sourness in your mouth. |
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| A sac filled with fluid in the wall of an artery that can weaken the artery wall. |
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| When blood doesnt have enough red blood cells that contain hemoglobin, which takes oxygen to tissues. |
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| A heart attack. When the heart is short on oxygenated blood and the affected area stops working. Its caused by blood clots. |
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Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Worse than a heart attacg because you can go unconcious. |
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| The buildup of cholesterol in veins and arteries that stops the flow of blood. |
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| Cancer caused by blood having too many abnormal white blood cells. Less healthy white blood cells are produced and your body has less defense against diseases. |
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| The study of the musculo-skeletal system (bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, tendons). |
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| Help to move your body, store energy in the form of ATP, aid in posture and body support, and help keep your body warm by shivering. |
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| Muscles in your face, neck and back. |
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| Appendicular Pectoal Muscles |
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| Appendicular Pelvic Muscles |
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| Muscles in the legs and butt. |
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| Mostly in organs. In the diaphragm, and all of the digestive tract. It can stretch and move by itself. |
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| Only in the heart. Stable and thick to support the pumping of blood. |
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| For moving bones. These muscles are connected to bones. |
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| Made of fibers that contract together, facing the same direction. |
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| Helps move the body, gives you shape and support (so you dont look like jello), protects needed organs, stores calcium and phosphorus and contains bone marrow (that make RBC's). They have cartilage in their joints to reduce friction and allow flexibility. |
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Bones in your head, neck and trunk region. -Skull -Sternum -Ribs -Spine |
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Bones rooting to axial skeleton. -Arms -Legs -SHoulder Girdle -Pelvic Girdle |
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-Skull ~ head bone -Clavicle ~ collarbone -Scapula ~ shoulder blade -Sternum ~ breast bone -Ribs -Spine -Pelvis -Coccyx ~ butt bone |
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-Femur ~ thigh -Patella ~ kneecap -Tibia ~ lower leg -Fibula ~ lower leg -Tarsals ~ ankle -Metatarsal ~ foot -Humerus ~ upper arm -Radius ~ lower arm -Ulna ~ lower arm (not connected to humerus) -Carpal ~ wrist -Metacarpal ~ hand |
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Long, broad and lever-like. -Arms and legs |
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Very broad, for protecting organs and connecting muscles. -Ribs |
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No other category works. -Coccyx |
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| No spaces, very 'compact,' contains haveisian canal (arteries and veins getting blood to bone cells). |
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| Many holes, contains bone marrow |
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Bones are alive. They are making new bone and cleaning up the old bone constantly. -Osteoblasts make more bone tissue -Osteoclasts remove old bone tissue |
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| Makes bones thin (because of overactive osteoclasts). More common in older women after menopause. It can be treated by pills, but no for-sure cure. Prevention~ Eat lots of calcium and Vitamin D, and get good excercise. |
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| Connect bones to other bones. |
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| Connect muscles to bones. |
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| In joints to reduce friction and allow flexibilty. In babies, there is more cartilage so they are more flexible. |
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| Femur 9thigh bone). Takes up 1/4 of a persons height. |
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| Stapes. Found inside the ear. |
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| Study of the brain, nerves and the spinal cord. |
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| Controls emotions and spontaneity. If damaged, behavior will change. |
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| Organizes senses and deals with memory skills. If damaged, your language skills will be messed up and you will have trouble recognizing words. |
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| Processses sight. If damaged, you can go blind. |
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| Perception and sensation. |
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| Attention and conciousness. |
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| Coordination, balance and muscle movement. |
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| All lobes put together (makes up the brain). |
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| Sends impulses. Shaped in a long thin line. They connect to dendrites on other neurons to pass the messages. |
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| Catches impulses from axons on other neurons. A stretched out star shape. |
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| Fatty material that surrounds the axon. It serves as protection. |
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| Gaps in the myelin sheath (between individual axons). |
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| A bundle of nerves in the vertebrae. It connects the brain to nerves and is protected by the vertebrae. |
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Central Nervous System. -Contains the brain and the spinal cord. |
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Peripheral Nervous System. -Contains your nerves. |
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| Controls automatic functions like breathing, your heartbeat, etc. |
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| Controls choice functions like walking, grabbing, etc. |
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| Dying of neurons. There is no cure, however, treatment is available to reduce the severity of your symptoms. Four main symptoms are trembling, stiffness, slow movements and instability. Sub-symptoms are depression, speaking issues, rashes and sleep disruptions. |
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| The part of the ear that you can see. It protects your eardrum and collects soundwaves. |
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The auditory canal. Soundwaves travel down it. |
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| A hollowed air-filled bony space. Its by the temporal bone of the skull. Within it, the eustachian tube leads to the throat. Three small bones (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) vibrate to amplify sound. They send sound to the cochlea. |
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| Small space in temporal bone. Inaccessible to direct examination. The cochlea is for hearing, semicircular canals are for balance and vestibule is also for balance. |
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| The pinna collects sounds, the eardrum vibrates, vibrations pass through the malleus, incus and stapes where sound is amplified. Then to the cochlea which translates vibrations to nmerve signals. |
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| Three semicircular canals at right angles to eachother. They are filled with fluid. That fluid keeps moving even if you stop. Also zillions of hairs. Movement of head, hair cells and fluid sends signals to brain to adjust your position accordingly. |
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| Bacteria or a virus. Germ fighting cells fill up the middle ear. In young, eustachian tubes arent long enough to keep the germs out. It can cause hearing loss. Treatments: antibiotics and/or drainage tubes. Symptoms: Dizziness, ringing, muffled hearing, pain. |
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| Intolerable noise in the head, ringing in the ears. Caused by damaged hearing nerve (too much loud noise, incorrectly placed earbuds, medication, allergies, aging, problmes with blood vessels or neck). |
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| Dizziness, sense of spinning, loss of equillibrium. Caused by inflamed vestibular portion of the inner ear, bacteria, virus, excess fluid in the inner ear, cigarettes, alcoho, vision problems, change in blood pressure. Treatment: medication, diet changes, excercise. |
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| Cornea focuses light, lens focuses light, iris controls light, pupil is a result of the irir getting bigger or smaller, retina is photoreceptor (converts light to electrical signals, optic nerve cerries signals to the brain. |
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| Cornea and lens bend/refract light rays, image on retina is upside down, brain translates. The varying curvature of the lens allows you to focus on objects different distances away. |
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| Aqueous and Vitrious Humor Gel |
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| Maintains eye shape, keeps eye moist and nourishes the tissues. |
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| Near-sighted. The eyeball is too long and the cornea is curved too much. |
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| Far-sighted. The eyeball is too long and the cornea is flatter. |
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Cornea isnt curved correctly in one direction. |
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| Round center called pupil. Sphincter muscle at the edge contracts in bright light. dialator muscles contract to expand pupil. |
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Function in dim light (black and white). They amplify the light signal. They outnumber cones 20:1 It takes about 7-10 minutes to adapt to the dark. |
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| Function in bright light or moderate light, in color and in black and white. Each one responds to a specific color (red, green, blue). |
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right eye to left brain left eye to right brain |
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| produces eggs, holds eggs, sends eggs away to be fertilized. |
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| transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus |
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| holds eggs if fertilized. lines with tissues during menstrual cycle to nurture growing egg, if not fertilized, let out during period. |
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| protects entrance of the uterus. expands during childbirth. dialates during labor to let baby out. |
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a "tunnel" where sperm is deposited. |
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| the release of a mature egg from the ovaries to the fallopian tube |
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| ovulation, fertilization, the lining of the uterus breaks down and exits the body. it causes bleeding. bleeding lasts about 5 days, and happens every 26-30 days. |
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| starts with fertilization (union of sperm and egg) 30 minutes after ejaculation (releasing sperm into woman). only 1 sperm cell will fertilize womans egg. implantation is when the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterus' lining for nutrients. the developing fetus is connected to its mom by the umbilical cord and the placenta. (provides nutrients from the baby through umbilical coird). |
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| when the fertilized egg implants itself in the abdominal cavity or the fallopian tube. this is caused by STD's, which cause the narrowing of the fallopian tube. it causes heavy bleeding and cramping. if you dont want to bleed to death, go to a hospital ASAP. |
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