Term
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Definition
Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective(lubricating) sheets around organs.
Two major groups;epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Covering and Lining Membranes.
Include cutaneous membrane(skin), the mucous membrane, and the serous membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
Skin.
Contains a epidermis and a dermis.
Unlike other epithelial Membranes, it is exposed to air and is a dry membrane.
Epidermis-stratified squamous. |
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Term
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Definition
Mucosa.
Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane, lamina propria.
Mucosa refers to location of the epithelial membrane, NOT cellular make-up.
"wet" or moist membranes.
Adapted for absorption or secretion.
Mucus not a requirement, lubricant.
Stratified Squamous (mouth/esophagus)
Simple columnar (rest of digestive tract)
Stratified squa |
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Term
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Definition
a loose connective tissue membrane.
Lines all body cavities than open to the exterior(such as organs of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts) |
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Definition
Serosa.
Composed of layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior. (except for dorsal body cavity and joint cavities)
Occur in pairs.
Name depends on location.
In thoraz, it isolates the lungs and heart from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
(parie=wall)
lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Forms when parietal layer folds in on itself.
Covers the outside of the organs in that cavity. |
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Term
| Relationship between Parietal layer and Visceral Layer |
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Definition
Like wrapping your fist with a limp balloon only partially filled with air or water.
The part of the balloon that clings closely to your fist can be compared to the visceral serosa clinging to the organ's external surface.
The outer wall of the balloon represents the parietal serosa that lin the walls of the cavity, unlike the balloon, is never exposed but always fused to cavity wall. |
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Term
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Definition
Separates the serous layers.
Scanty amount of thin, clear fluid.
Secreted by both membranes.
Allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions.
Important when mobile organs are involved |
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Term
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Definition
| The serosa lining the abdonminal cavity and covers its organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous Membrane surrounding the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous membrane surrounding the heart |
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Term
| List the two major categories of body Membranes |
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Definition
1. Epithelial Membranes
2. Connective tissue Membranes |
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Term
| List the types of Epithelial Membranes |
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Definition
Cutaneous Membrane
Mucous Membrane (mucosa)
Serous Membrane (serosa) |
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Term
| What is Connective Tissue Membranes represented by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Composed of soft areolar connective tissue.
Contain NO epithelial cells at all.
They line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid.
Line bursae and tendon sheaths |
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Term
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Definition
Small sacs of connective tissue.
Cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity. |
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Term
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Definition
tube like.
Lined by synovial membrane.
Cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The skin and its derivatives (sweat/oil glands, hair, and nails) |
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Term
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Definition
means "covering"
Another name for skin.
It keeps water and other precious molecules in the body.
It also keeps water(and other things) out.
Pliable yet tough. |
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Term
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Definition
Protects deeper tissues from
-Mechanical damage(bumps)
-Chemical damage(acids/bases)
-Bacterial damage
-Ultraviolet radiation
-Thermal damage
-Desiccation
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention.
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid.
Synthesizes vitamin D. |
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Term
| The skin protects deeper tissues from |
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Definition
-Mechanical damage(bumps)
-Chemical damage(acids/bases)
-Bacterial damage
-Ultraviolet radiation
-Thermal damage
-Desiccation |
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Term
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Definition
Bumps.
What deeper tissue is protected from.
Skin's physical barrier contains keratin, with toughens cells, and pressure receptors, which alert nervous system to possible damage. |
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Term
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Definition
Acids and Bases.
What deeper tissue is protected from.
Skin has relatively impermeable keratinized cells.
Contains pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage. |
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Term
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Definition
What deeper tissue is protected from.
Skin has an unbroken surface and "acid mantle"(Skin secretions are acidic, and thus inhibit bacteria).
Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
Damaging effects of sunlight.
What deeper tissue is protected from.
The skin has Melanin produced by melanocytes which offers protection from UV damage. |
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Term
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Definition
Heat or Cold
What deeper tissue is protected from.
Skin Contains heat/cold/pain receptors |
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Term
| How does the skin aid in body heat loss? |
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Definition
| By Activating sweat glands and allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds |
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Term
| How does the skin aid in body heat retention? |
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Definition
| By not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds. |
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Term
| How does the skin aid in excretion of urea and uric acid? |
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Definition
| Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands |
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Term
| How does skin synthesize Vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A tough, insoluble protein found in tissue such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin.
Helps prevent water loss from body surface. |
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Term
| What is the uppermost layer of skin full of and why? |
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Definition
| keratin and is cornified in order to prevent water loss from body surface. |
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Term
| How does the skin act as a mini-excretory system? |
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Definition
| Urea, salts, and water are lost when we sweat. |
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Term
| Cutaneous Sensory receptors |
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Definition
part of the nervous system, and located in the skin.
These tiny sensors(including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain receptors) provide us with information about our external environment.
They alert us to bumbs and the presence of tissue-damaging factors(also feeling wind in our hair) |
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Term
| The skin is composed of what two kinds of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing.
Firmly connected to dermis.
Avascular |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Underlying skin tissue.
Made of dense connective tissue.
Firmly connected to epidermis.
your "hide"
Strong stretchy envelope that helps hold your body together.
leather goods= dermis
Varies in thickness.
Abudantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
result from a burn, causing them to separate.
This allows interstitial fluid to accumulate in the cavity between the layers. |
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Term
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Definition
Hypodermis.
essentially an adipose tissue.
Not considered part of the skin.
Anchors the skin to underlying organs.
Serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body.
Responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman's anatomy than a man's. |
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Term
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Definition
| layers/zones of epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum. |
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Term
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Definition
| no blood supply of its own |
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Term
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Definition
Most cells of the epidermis.
Keratin cells.
Produce keratin |
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Term
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Definition
Deepest cell layer of the epidermis, closest to the dermis.
Contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis.
Those cells are constantly undergoing cell division, new cells produced daily.
Stratum germinativum.
Daughter cells are pushed upward, away from the source of nutrition, to become part of the epidermal layers closer to surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for stratum basale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial to the stratum basale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial to the stratum basale. |
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Term
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Definition
Superficial strata to the Stratum spinosum.
Daughter Cells become flatter,increasingly full of kertain, and finally die. |
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Term
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Definition
Superficial to the Stratum spinosum.
Clear, dead daughter cells.
Not seen in all skin regions, hairless/ extra thick regions. (palms of hands and soles of feet.
The keratin(secreting a water-repellent glycoprotein into the extra cellular space) + their inreasing distance from the blood supply= doom the stratum lucidum cells and more superficial epidermal cells because lack of nutrients and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Outermost layer of strata.
20 to 30 layers thick.
3/4 of epidermal thickness.
The keratin allows this layer to provide a durable "overcoat" for body.
Protects deeper cells from hostile external environment(Air) and from water loss and helps th body resist biological, chemical, and physical assaults.
Rubs and flakes off slowly and steadily and is replaced by cells produced by the division of the deeper stratum basale cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Shingle like dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin. |
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Term
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Definition
A pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black.
Produced by melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Special cells that produce Melanin.
Found chiefly in the stratum basale |
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Term
| Steps when skin is exposed to sunlight |
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Definition
Stimulates the melanocytes to produce more of the Melanin pigment (tanning occurs).
The Stratum Basale cells phagocytize the pigment
As it accumulates within them, Melanin forms a protective pigmrny umbrella over the superficial side of their nuclei that shields their genetic material (DNA) from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
Freckles/Moles are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Herpes, simplex, or cold sores |
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Definition
| more likely to have an eruption after sunbathing |
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Term
| Two major regions of the Dermis |
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Definition
| papillary and reticular areas |
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Term
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Definition
The upper dermal region.
Uneven, fingerlike projections.
Indent the epidermis above |
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Term
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Definition
fingerlike projections from superior surface.
Contain capillary loops.
palms of hands/soles of feet arranged in definite patterns that form looped and whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that increase friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.
Patterns genetically determined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Furnish nutrients to the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The unique films of sweat that are left by the ridges of the fingertips, that are well provided with sweat pores.
On almost anything the fingers touch. |
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Term
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Definition
The deepest skin layer.
Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
Deep pressure receptors in the reticular layer.
Phagocytes found here act to prevent bacteria that have managed to get through the epidermis from penetrating any deeper into the body |
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Term
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Definition
Found throughout the dermis.
Responsible for the toughness of the dermis.
Also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated. |
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Term
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Definition
Found throughout the dermis.
Give skin its elasticity when skin is young. |
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Term
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Definition
As we age, the number of collagen and elastic fibers decreases, and the subcutaneous tissue loses fat.
As a result the skin loses its elasticity and begins to sag and wrink. |
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Term
| Homeostasis Skin temperature |
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Definition
To high the capillaries of the dermis become engorged(swollen) with heated blood, and the skin becomes reddened and warm. --> allows heat to radiate from the skin surface.
To cool, body heat must be conserved. Blood bypasses the dermis capillaries temporarily. -->allowing internal body temperature to stay high. |
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Term
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Definition
Bedsores.
Occur in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the bed repeatedly.
The weight of the body puts pressure on the skin--> restricts blood supply, skin becomes pale or blanched at pressure points. |
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Term
| Contributors to skin color |
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Definition
1. The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) of melanin in epidermis
2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. Skin --> yellow-orange cast when large amount of carotene-rich foods are eaten
3.The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| an orange-yellow pigment found in abundant amounts in carrots and other orange, deep yellow, or leafy green vegetables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigment in red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Light-skinned (Caucasian) People |
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Definition
| Have less melanin, THe crimson color of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood supply flushes through the transparent cell layers above and gives the skin a rosy glow |
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Term
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Definition
When hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated--> skin/blood of Caucasians appear blue.
Common during heart failure and severe breathing disorders.
Black people effects of melanin masked, apparent in their mucous membranes and nail beds. |
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Term
| Color change in skin due to emotional stimuli/signal of disease state |
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Definition
1.Redness or erythema
2. Pallor or blanching
3.Jaundice or a yellow cast
4. Bruises or black-and-blue marks |
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Term
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Definition
Erythema.
Indication of embarrassment (blushing),fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy |
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Term
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Definition
Blanching.
Under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others), some people become pale. Pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area. |
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Term
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Definition
Yellow cast.
Signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
black-and-blue marks.
Sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. (hematomas)
Unusual --> signify deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Arises from the epidermis and plays a unique role in maintaining body homeostasis.
Includes cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, and nails. |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa) |
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Term
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Definition
All exocrine glands.
Two groups: sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Formed by stratum basale, they push into deeper skin regions and ultimately reside entirely in the dermis. |
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Term
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Definition
Oil gland.
Found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Ducts empty into a hair follicle, some directly onto skin surface.
Produces sebum.
Becomes very active when male sex hormones are produced in increased amounts (in both sexes) during adolescence. --> skin oilier during this period of life. |
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Term
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Definition
Product of sebaceous glands.
A mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells.
Lubricant that keeps skin soft/moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.
Contains chemicals that kill bacteria--> important in preventing the bacteria present on the skin surface from invading the deeper skin regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a sebaceous gland ducts become blocked by sebum. |
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Term
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Definition
When a sebaceous gland ducts become blocked by sebum.
It accumulates material oxidies and dries, and darkens. |
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Term
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Definition
An active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples on the skin.
Mild/severe(permanent scarring) |
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Term
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Definition
"Cradle cap" in infants.
Caused by overactivity of the raised lesions that gradually form a yellow to brown crust that sloughs off as oily dandruff.
Careful washing helps. |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for sweat glands |
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Term
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Definition
cutaneous gland.
Widley distributed in the skin. (2.5 million per person.
two types: eccrine and apocrine |
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Term
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Definition
type of sweat gland.
more numerous and found all over the body.
Produce sweat
Important and efficient part of the body's heat-regulating equipment.
Supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is high.
When sweat evaporates off the skin surface, it carries large amounts of body-heat |
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Term
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Definition
| A clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin c, traces of metabolic wastes(ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
A clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin c, traces of metabolic wastes(ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid.
Acidic(pH from 4 to 6) --> characteristic that inhibits the growth of bacteria, which are present on the skin surface.
Reaches skin surface via a duct that opens externally as a funnel-shaped pore |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that accumulates during vigorous muscle activity. |
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Term
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Definition
Not facial "pores".
Funnel-shaped
The external outlets of hair folicles. |
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Term
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Definition
Confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body.
Larger than eccrine glands.
Ducts empty into hair follicles.
Secretions contain fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the substances in eccrine secretions.
Milky or yellowish color.
Odorless, but when bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrients for their growthm unpleasant odor.
Begin to function during puberty under the influence of androgens.
Play minimal role in thermoregulation.
Function is not yet known, but they are activated by nerve fibers during pain and stress and during sexual foreplay. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Scattered all over the body
Only functions:
-Guard head against bumps.
-Shield the eyes (eyelashes)
-Keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract(nose hairs)
Body lost much of its usefulness.
Used to provide insulation, now we have other ways to keep warm.
Flexible epithelial sturcture.
Formed by division of well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix of the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle.
As daughter cells are pushed farther away from the growth region, they become keratinized and die.
Dead material and almost entirely protein.
Comes in a variety of sizes and shapes.
-short and stiff(eyebrows)
-long and flexible(head)
-invisible in some places
Hormones account for development of hairy regions scalp, pubic, and axillary areas. |
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Term
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Definition
produces hair.
Compound structures.
-epidermal/dermal sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the hair enclose in the follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does each hair consist of? |
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Definition
| central core(medulla) surrounded by a cortex layer. Cortex layer is enclosed by outermost cuticle. |
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Term
| Why is the arrangement of the hair important? |
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Definition
| Helps to keep the hairs apart and keeps them from matting. |
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Term
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Definition
Central core of hair.
surrounded by cortex layer |
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Term
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Definition
Surrounds Medulla of hair.
Enclosed by Cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
Encloses cortex.
A single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on a roof.
Helps keep hairs apart and keep them from matting.
The most heavily keratinizied region.
Provides strength and helps keep the inner hair layers tightly compacted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subject to abrasion--> cuticle tends to wear away at the tip of the shaft, allowing the keratin fibrils in the inner hair regions to frizz out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made by melanocytes in the hair bulb, and varying amounts of different types of melanin(yellow, rust, brown, and black) combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to pitch black. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hair is flat and ribbon-like |
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Term
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Definition
| Hair is perfectly round and tends to be coarse. |
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Term
| Hair is found everywhere except |
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Definition
-palms of hands
-soles of feet
-nipples
-lips |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of epithelial tissue.
Forms hair.
Inner hair follicle |
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Term
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Definition
Outer hair follicle.
Dermal Connective tissue.
Supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.
Contains papilla |
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Term
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Definition
nipplelike
Provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb. |
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Term
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Definition
Small bands of smooth muscle cells.
Connect each side of the hair follicle to dermal tissue.
Contract(cold/frightened)--> Hair is pulled upright, dimpling the skin surface with "goose bumps" |
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Term
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Definition
the result of hair pulling upright from the contraction of the arrector pili.
Dimples of the skin surface.
Helps keep animals warm in winter by adding a layer of insulating air to the fur.
Cats--> fur stands on end, make it look larger, scare off enemy |
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Term
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Definition
| a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals. |
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Definition
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