Term
| understand and compare the 3 types of muscle (Table 10.4 p.273) |
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Definition
skeletal- voluntary, striated, usually attached to bones; cells are called muscle fibers or myofibers;
cardiac- involuntary, striated, only around heart; cells are not fibrous called myocytes or cardiocytes
smooth muscle- involuntary, no striations but same contractile proteins, digestive tract; short and fusiform cells called myocytes |
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Term
| know the parts of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| fast twitch vs. slow twitch (Table 10.2 p. 272) |
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Definition
slow-slow oxidative(SO), slow-twitch, red, type I fibers; abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries so deep red; aerobic respiration-does not make lactic acid; do not fatigue easily; ie: soleus and back muscles
fast- Fast glycolytic(FG), fast-twitch, white, type II fibers; few mitochondria, myogloin, blood capillaries so comparatively pale; anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid; fatigue easily; ie biceps, gastrocnemius, eye movement |
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Term
| what is motor unit, examples |
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Definition
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it, dispersed throughout a muscle so weak contraction in wide area, not super localized;
small motor units are for subtle movements like eye movements;
large motor units for strength like calf;
can work in shifts when fatigued |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Table 13.1 p. 372
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia
PNS: schwann cells, satellite cells |
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Term
| anatomy and function of myelin |
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Definition
in CNS oligodendrocytes reaches out to multiple fibers and myelinates them, the myelin sheath spirals inwared towared the nerve fiber;
in PNS, Schwann cell coils repeatedly around a single axon, the myelin sheath thus spirals outward away from the nerve fiber and myelin is covered by a neurilemma and basal lamina |
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Term
| sensory vs. motor neurons and location in spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meninges and arrangement? |
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Definition
meninges- membranes that separate the soft tissue of the CNS fro the bones fo the vertebrae and skull
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
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Term
| structures/anatomy of spinal cord |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, spinal nerves, cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement, medullary cone, cauda equina, coccygeal ligament |
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Term
| name diffferent types of plexus |
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Definition
| cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral and coccygeal plexuses |
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Term
| types of tracts that connect different parts of the brain |
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Definition
projection tracts- extend veritcally btw higher and lower brain or spinal cord center and carry info from cerebrum to rest of body
commissural tracts- connect cerebral hemispheres through corpus callosum
association tracts- connect different regions of the same hemisphere; long association fibers connect different lobes; short association fibers connect different gyri within a lobe |
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Term
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Definition
p. 435
primary motor cortex, motor association are, primary somesthetic cortex, somesthetic association cortex, primary visual cortex, visual association area, primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, primary olfactory cortex, primary gustatory cortex, wernicke area, broca area |
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Term
| main function of brainstem parts |
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Definition
medulla oblongata- heartbeat, breathing, blood vessels
pons- carry sensory signals to thalamus; sleep, respiration, bladder control
hypothalamus- hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, emotional responses, memory
thalamus- "gateway to cerebral cortex" tells sensory signals where to go |
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Term
| peripheral nerve structure |
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Definition
p. 394
dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, ventral root, spinal nerve, blood vessels, fascicles, endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is cerebrospinal fluid? who makes? function? |
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Definition
CSF- clear colorless liquid that fills ventricles and canals
Produced by: subarachnoid space, ependymal lining of ventricles, choroid plexuses
Function: buoyancy, protection, chemical stability |
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Term
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Definition
| atrophy of the gyri of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, ACh is low; memory loss, reduced attention span, disorientation, moody, confused, paranoid, combativ, hallucinatory |
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Term
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Definition
| is a degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra; involuntary muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of meninges- bacteria and viruses that invade CNS- brain swells, ventricles enlarge, brainstem may hemorrhage |
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Term
| cranial nerves (12 pairs, #s, sensory, motor, or mixed) |
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Definition
I-olfactory, sensory, smell
II- optic, sensory, vision
III- oculomotor, motor, eye movement
IV- trochlear, motor, eye movement
V- trigeminal, sensory, sense upper face
VI- abducens, motor, eye movements
VII- facial, mixed, facial expression, glands, taste
VIII- vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and equilibrium
IX- glossopharyngeal, mixed, swallowing, salivation, gagging
X- vagus, mixed, sympathetic
XI- accessory, motor, swallowing: head, neck, shoulder movements
XII- hypoglossal, motor, tongue movements: speech, food, swallow |
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Term
| branches of spinal nerves |
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Definition
p. 398 and 399
(ventral and dorsal ramus) |
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Term
| understand fig 13.3 p. 368 |
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Definition
| sensory (afferent) neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS, interneurons (association neurons) are confined to the CNS, motor (efferent) neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system- what is it? 2 divisions and actions on the body |
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Definition
ANS- motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic- "fight or flight" increase heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood glucose, dilates pupils, reduces blood flow to skin and digestive tract |
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Term
| compare somatic and autonomic innervation |
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Definition
p. 458
Somatic- one neuron from CNS to effector
Autonomic- preganglionic fiber, ACh in ganglion, postganglionic fiber, ACh or NE |
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Term
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Definition
| comparing somatic and autonomic |
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Term
| part of the brain/spinal cord does sympathetic and parasympathetic arise from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| adrenal gland relates to autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| which cranial nerves are parasympatheic |
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Definition
| oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), 90% is vagus (X) |
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Term
| preganglionic and postganglionic vs. sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
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