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| study of the structure of the human body |
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| study of the function of the structures of the human body |
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| study of the structure of visible to the naked eye |
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| external structure of the boday and is especially important in conductin a physical examination of a patient |
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| study of one organ system at a time |
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| study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body |
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| study of anatomy by looking at tissue sample to observe cells |
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computed tomography scan
low intensity xray can look at a slice of a body; used to identify tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages, kidney stones, and other abnormalities; replaced exploratory surgery
bright colors |
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magnetic resonance imaging
superior for visualizing soft tissues, uses electromagnet to align hydrogen atoms; good for distinguishing between tissues such as white and gray matter of the nervous system |
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| Levels of human structure |
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| atom->molecule->macromolecule->organelle->cell->tissue->organ->organ system->organism |
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| Describe variation in human anatomy |
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| most anatomy is in about 70% of all people, but stomachs differ based on weight, kidneys can be different, location of the appendix cna be different |
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| large brains, complex speech, tool making, bipedalism |
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| Describe the anatomical position |
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| standing erect with the feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and the palms, face, and eyes facing forward |
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| name the four quadrants of the body |
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| right upper q., left upper q., right lower q., left lower q. |
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| name the nine regions of the abdomen |
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L and R hypochondriac region
L and R lateral abdominal region
L and R inguinal region
epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric |
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| name the two major body cavities and their sub cavities |
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Definition
dorsal cavity- cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
ventral cavity-abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum (thoracic and abdominopelvic) |
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| Name the systems of the body |
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| integumentary, nervous, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, immune |
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skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cuteneous sensation, nonverbal communication |
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bones, cartilages, ligaments
support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
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skeletal muscles
movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production |
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
rapd internal commuication and coordination, sensation |
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pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
internal chemical communication and coordination |
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heart, blood vessels
distribuiton of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, eletrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance |
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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech |
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lymph nodes, lympahtic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
recovery of excess tissues fluid, detection of pathoges, production of immune cells, defense |
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
elimination fo wastes; regulation fo blood volune and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification |
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas
nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions including metabolism of carbohdrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, syntheiss of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleaning of blood |
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tetes, epididymis, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulborethral glands, penis
production and delivery of sperm |
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| female reproductive system |
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ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands
production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal ouraishment, birth, lactation |
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intracellular fluid
fluid within the cell (cytosol) |
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extracellular fluid
all body fluids not contained within the cell are ECF-between cells is called interstitial (tissue) fluid
ex: blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid |
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| microvilli vs. cilia vs. flagella |
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microvilli-extension of plasma membrane, serve to increase surface area - epithelial cells of intestines and kidney tubules
cilia-hairlike processes-inner ear motion and balance; retinal cells in eye absorb light; motile: respiratory tract and uterine tubes;
flagella-long tails-movement-sperm |
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| 3 types of intercellular junction |
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Definition
tight junction- near apical surface, zipperlike pattern, joins tightly, nothing gets through-stomach and intestines
desmosome- patch that holds cells together like a snap,but can move- epidermis, cardiac muscle, cervix
gap junction- ringlike connexon-small solutes can diffuse through- cardiac muscle |
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| epithelial, connection, muscular, nervous |
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| ductless gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream ex: thyroid and adrenal glands |
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| gland that secretes its products into another organ or onto the body surgace, usually by way of a duct ex: salivary and gastric glands, sweat glands |
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| mucus-secreting gland cell, shaped somewhat like a wineglass, found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes |
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| resistance to trauma and infection, water retention, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication |
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meninges-around brain and spinal cord-protection
serous membranes-secrete a lubricating film of moisture
pleurae-around lungs
pericardium-around heart
peritoneum-abdominopelvic |
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| cells in epidermis and function |
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stem cells- undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes
keratinocytes- majority of cells, synthesize keratin
melanocytes- synthesize melanin
tactile (merkel) cells- receptors for the sense of touch; cell+nerve fibers are tactile disc
dendritic (langerhans) cells- macrophages that originate in bone marrow-detect pathogens and alert immune system |
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| study models of dermis and hypodermis and know structures |
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merocrine- sweat gland
apocrine- assoc w/hairs in pits and pubic secrete pheromones
sebaceous- secrete oils to protect skin and make hair shiny
ceruminous- inner ear produce cerumen for ear wax
mammary- milk-producing in breasts |
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1st- minor damage to epidermis
2nd- damages epidermis and part of dermis
3rd- damages epidermis and dermis and make kill skin so does not heal/grow back |
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basal cell carcinoma- most common, least dangerous - cells in stratum basale- small shiny bump, depression in middle later
squamous cell carcinoma- keratinocytes of stratum spinosum- raised reddend and scaly- chace of recovery good, but can invade lymph nodes and be lethal
malignant melanoma- 5% of all cases, but most deadly, melanocytes of a preexisting mole- looks like a misshapen big bumpy mole- |
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Definition
long bones- femur, raius, ulna
short- talus, capitate (carpal) bone
flat- scapula, sternum, cranial, os coxae
irregular- sphenoid, vertebra, ethmoid |
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| general features of bones |
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Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells- stem cells in endosteum and central canal, multiply continually some become osteoblasts
Osteoblasts- bone forming cells in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum
Osteocytes- former osteoblasts that have become trapped in own matrix, found in lacunae talk by canaliculi, strain detectors
Osteoclasts- bone-dissolving macrophages found on bone surfaces from marrow cells that produce blood monocytes |
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| red bone marrow vs. yellow marrow |
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Definition
red marrow- produces blood cells found all over child skeleton, in adult only in abdominal-thoracic bones
yellow- fatty does not produce blood, but in severe or chronic anemia can transform into red marrow |
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| primary vs. secondary ossification centers |
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| primary is in the center of the long bone and then secondary at birth starts at the ends of long bone metaphsis and then epiphysis separates centers |
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| epiphyseal plates vs. epiphyseal line |
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Definition
epiphyseal plates are in children and adolescents layer of hyaline cartilage where where bones grow in length apears as clear on xrays
epiphyseal line is the same space, but in adults it is no longer growing appears as solid bone |
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| risk factors of osteoporosis |
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Definition
| women, white, smoking, postmenopausal, not exercising, not enough calcium, vitamin C deficiency, diabetes mellitus or at young age too little body fat |
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| axial vs. appendicular skeleton |
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axial skeleton- skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
appendicular skeleton- appendages - upper limb and pectoral girdle and upper limb and pelvic girdle |
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| synostosis- immovable joint formed whtn the gap btw two bones ossifies and they become a single bone - epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, skull bones |
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synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint- bones joined by collagen fibers
sutures- in skull
gomphosis- teeth
syndesmoses- tibia and fibula |
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tendon is muscle to bone
ligament is bone to bone |
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synchondrosis- bound by hyaline cartilage costal cartilage, epiphysis to diaphysis
symphysis- fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis |
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