Term
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Definition
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism |
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Term
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Definition
Group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Four types:
Epithelium: covering
Connective tissue: structural support
Nervous: control
Muscle: movement
Organs are formed from different types of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Form:
the covering, lining, & glandular tissues of the body
Functions:
to protect, absorb, and secrete
Arrangements:
Simple , Stratified, Pseudostratifed
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Transitional |
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Term
| Epithelial Membrane Categories |
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Definition
Epithelial membranes
Mucosal membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial layer with a loose connective tissue or lamina propia beneath epithelium
Line interior of body tubes or tracts
Stratified squamous - mouth and esophagus
Simple columnar - digestive tract
Pseudostratified Columnar + cilia in respiratory
Transitional-the urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
Simple squamous epithelium + loose connective tissue
Line body cavities and occur in pairs
Parietal lines exterior facing out
Visceral lines actual organs
Parietal (the glove) and visceral (the hand) are continuous with one another with fluid in between
Examples: peritoneum, pleura, pericardium |
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Term
| Specialized serous membrane |
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Definition
Synovial membranes:
Loose connective tissue without epithelium
Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths
Provide smooth surface and fluid cushion to allow comfortable motion |
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Term
| Cutaneous membrane or Skin |
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Definition
Keratinized squamous epithelium with an underlying dermis of fibrous connective tissue
Line the outside of our body forming a barrier
A DRY membrane in contrast w/ other membranes
Skin is waterproof yet washable, pliable yet tough, and like permanent press because it repairs itself and wrinkle free * while we are young |
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Term
| Overview of Anatomy and Physiology |
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Definition
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Note: function often reflects structure |
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Term
| What determines something is alive? |
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Definition
Complex organization
Interacts with environment
Metabolism
Development
Hereditary
Reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
Complex organization helps maintain boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
Chemical to Cellular to Tissues to Organs to Organ Systems to Organism
Interact with the Environment via
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them via
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility |
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Term
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Definition
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to make energy to maintain the body via
Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body |
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Term
| Survival Needs for Metabolism to occur |
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Definition
Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building
Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions
Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Development and Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism
Reproduction – cellular and organism levels
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells via meiosis to give half the recombined genetic info to each sperm or egg so the baby inherits half of its genes from mom and half from dad
Organism – Sexual relationships help the sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person |
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Term
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Definition
Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
Homeostasis – ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
| Homeostatic Control Mechanisms |
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Definition
Variables produce a change in the body
The three i components of homeostastis:
Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body |
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Term
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Definition
Superior = toward head
Inferior = away from the head
Anterior = toward the front
Posterior = back of the body
Medial = toward the midline
Lateral = away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
Proximal = closer the origin of the body part
Distal = farther from the origin of the body part
Superficial = toward
Deep = away from the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal (coronal) divides the body into anterior–and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
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Term
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Definition
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart |
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Term
| Ventral Body Cavity Membranes |
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Definition
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae |
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Term
| Cutaneous membrane or Skin(2) |
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Definition
Keratinized squamous epithelium with an underlying dermis of fibrous connective tissue
Line the outside of our body forming a barrier
A DRY membrane in contrast w/ other membranes
Skin is waterproof yet washable, pliable yet tough, and like permanent press because it repairs itself and wrinkle free * while we are young |
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Term
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Definition
Protection from mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, bacterial invasion
Insulation
Sensation
Prevents water loss
Regulates body temp
Excretes toxins/waste: urea, salt, water
Converts Vit D to a functional hormone needed in the skeletal system for strong bones |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of three major regions
Epidermis – outermost superficial region
Dermis – middle region
Hypodermis (superficial fascia) – deepest region |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five layers
Cell types include
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans’ cells |
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Term
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Definition
Due to Langerhan cells (macrophages) reacting to metal as a foreign invader
Langerhan cells then stimulate white blood cells and Mast cells in the dermis to release chemicals which cause redness and swelling |
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Term
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Definition
Keratinocytes – produce the fibrous protein keratin
Keratin gives skin durability and protective barrier
Melanocytes – produce the brown pigment melanin
Melanin gives skin its color & protection from the sun
Langerhans’ cells – epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
Merkel cells – function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings |
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Term
| Epidermis Layers from bottom to top |
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Definition
Stratum basale : undergo mitosis to produce new cells
Stratum spinosum: forms barrier via desmosomes
Stratum granulosum: cells filled with keratin granules
Stratum lucidum: extra layer of dead cells in thick skin
Stratum corneum: protective, waterproof layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin |
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Term
| Epidermis: Stratum Basale |
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Definition
Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes which undergo mitosis to form new cells
Location of basal cell carcinoma |
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Term
| Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum |
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Definition
Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
Melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells are abundant in this layer
Location of Squamous Cell cancer |
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Term
| Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum (granules) |
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Definition
Thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs
Granules of keratin protein (waterproof skin) accumulate in the cells of this layer |
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Term
| Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum
(Clear ) |
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Definition
Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
Present only in thick skin |
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Term
| Epidermis: Stratum Corneum (Horn ) |
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Definition
Outermost layer
Dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (20-30 layers)
Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
Functions include:
Waterproofing
Protection from abrasion and penetration
Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults |
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Term
| Atopic Dermitis or Eczema |
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Definition
Overly active immune cells such as Langerhans activating mast and WBC cells overreact to perfumes or other allergens causing redness and itching
Overly dry skin makes the epidermis layers scaly and appear like a whitish plaque
Locations on infants are the face, than as the child grows progresses to the extensor regions, then the flexor regions behind the knee and inside elbow as an adult |
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Term
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Definition
strong, flexible connective tissue
Cell types include
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
White blood cells
Composed of two layers
Papillary (areolar or loose connective tissue)
Reticular (dense irregular connective tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
This is an allergic reaction which may be life threatening due to swelling of the airways.
This is due to receptors in the skin to allergens such as peanuts, shellfish, bee sting or penicillin which causes the release of histamine (stimulating inflammation or accumulation of fluid in the dermis) from the mast cells |
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Term
| Lower Dermis: Papillary Layer |
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Definition
Papillary layer (upper layer)
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
Its superior surface contains peglike projections called dermal papillae which form your fingerprints
Location of
Blood capillaries
Meissner’s corpuscles = touch receptors
Note: Merkel’s are touch receptors in epidermis
Free nerve endings = pain receptors |
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Term
| Lower Dermis: Reticular (Dense Irregular) Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin or ability to bounce back and be wrinkle free
Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure sensors
Sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine
Sebaceous glands: oil glands
Arteries and veins: lack of blood supply for example lack of movement may result in a decubitus ulcer see book pic |
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Term
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Definition
Different types prevent overheating of the body; secrete sweat, cerumen, and milk
Eccrine sweat glands – found in all over the body and especially palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
Produce the majority of sweat to release heat
Apocrine sweat glands – found in axillary and anogenital areas which produce pheromones or “sexy smell”
Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen
Mammary glands – specialized sweat glands that secrete milk |
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Term
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Definition
Protein pigment contributes to skin color
Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin
Located in the stratum spinosum
Melanin acts as a shield or umbrella for DNA, therefore protecting genetic info from UV damage |
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Term
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Definition
Simple glands found all over the body
Soften skin
Stimulated by hormones
Secrete an oily secretion called sebum
Blackheads: plugged sebacous (oil) glands
Acne or boils (larger): infected oil gland |
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Term
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Definition
Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles which contain hard keratin
tougher and more durable than soft keratin of the skin
Made up of the shaft projecting from the skin, and the root embedded in the skin
Consist of a core called the medulla, a cortex, and an outermost cuticle
Pigmented by melanocytes at the base of the hair
Carbuncle: infected hair follicle |
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Term
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Definition
Vellus – pale, fine body hair found in children and the adult female with anorexia
Terminal – coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions will increase if a person has increased testosterone such as
During puberty
Polycystic Ovary Disease with hirsutism |
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Term
| Hair Thinning and Baldness |
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Definition
Alopecia – hair thinning in both sexes
True, or frank, baldness
Genetically determined from mother’s side of the family
Male pattern baldness – caused by follicular response to DHT: form of testosterone |
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Term
| Skin Color due to Melanin
(natural sunscreen) |
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Definition
Protein pigment contributes to skin color
Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin
Located in the stratum spinosum
Melanin acts as a shield or umbrella for DNA, therefore protecting genetic info from UV damage |
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