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| It occurred in Europe near the time of the Agricultural crisis. The average temperatures in the Northern hemisphere dropped 2 degrees. Winters were longer, which makes the growing seasons shorter and wetter, so it takes longer for the fields to dry out so they can start planting. (1300-1800) |
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| It occurred in Europe. Rats got it from dead bodies in Khaffa and got onto boats that were going to Europe. People would feel sick, start getting black blotches, and die within a few days. 40% of Western Europe dies; 80% of some cities. Nobles died; everyone who was worthy of higher positions was basically dead. Most people thought it was God coming down on them for their sins, so they started whipping themselves until they would shed blood. This caused for there to be a lot of new land, more inheritance, food, and jobs. But there was a labor shortage as well because so many people died. This caused for a series of revolts and peasant uprisings. The plague recurred until 1721. |
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| He studied law and loved literature; he was the secretary for the papacy in Avignon and the Poet Laureate (the only official poet who is recognized by a particular society), which hadn’t been done in 1,000 years. He was depressed with Italy of his day; hated the vernacular. He advocated the study of humanities (philosophy, history, and literature). He discovered and restored manuscripts. He would go through Europe to find the documents, not all of the copies agree with each other and some are in fragments, this leads invented textual criticism (study and compare the readings you find as best as possible to find the truths that each would try to convey). He was an advocate for the return of classical greatness; original Latin. He felt that education at universities was pointless because it didn’t make you a better man. He set off the renaissance. |
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| He was a humanist scholar and leader of the Platonic Academy in Florence. He wrote the Commentary on the Symposium, which is about the idea of “Platonic love”. It didn’t talk about how The Symposium was really on pederasty (on old men/little boys). He wrote Platonic Theology, which was compatible to the Gospels. He was a principal figure in the revival of Plato (Renaissance Neoplatonism). He also translated many of Plato’s works. |
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| The English Peasants’ Revolt |
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| The English Peasant’s War was the biggest peasant uprising. Preacher John Bull exclaimed that when God created people, there wasn’t anyone who didn’t do their own work. For example, Adam and Eve. Therefore, everyone should work for themselves. The peasants (100,000) were led by a man named Tyler to confront the English King about their self-worth. Tyler is beheaded; practically all the peasants die. They felt like to change would be disturbing the natural order. |
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| Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) |
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His Early Life- he became friends with Petriarch around 1350, but they had a BIG ARGUMENT about the vernacular (everyday Italian). Petriarch rejected the vernacular, but Boccacio was FOR it because his idol Dante wrote in it..
WORKS:Decameron (1348-1353)- story of beautiful people hiding from the plague in Naples; showed elite life and amusement in a worldly anti classical way.
Genealogies of the Pagan Gods (1360)- one of the first reference works. Encyclopedia of mythology
iii. Vita Di Dante- Idolozed Dante, wrote a book about him, and held great responsibility for Dante’s fame
Importance- discovered and translated classical texts and had them copied.
OVERALL: friend of Petriarch but argued, was a big fan of Dante, was FOR the vernacular, and discovered and translated classical texts then made copies. |
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| LORENZO VALLA (1405-1477) |
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a. Argumentative but one of Greatest Human scholars before Erasmus.
b. Disproved the authenticity of “The Donation of Constantine” by comparing text and using knowledge of writing style (said the language was too sophisticated), which shattered the authority of the Church.
c. Harsh critic of scholasticism; emphasized humanities Began but didn’t complete annotations on the New Testament
• OVERALL: Great humanism scholar, used pervious text comparisons to Disprove “the Donation of Constantine”, and emphasized humanities and literature over scholasticism. |
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| is the revival of classical art and literature. It focuses on human values and concerns. Rejected scholasticism and focused more on the “heart” of making a good man in THIS life. Humanist education will make people think about virtue and ultimately be good people. Subjects it primarily focuses on are: literature, philosophy, and history. |
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A painter and architect of the Renaissance. Began to use the Eastern Technique of perspective (3-D) (though it wasn’t fully developed); first to have individual faces
WORKS: paintings-Enthroned Madonna, Arena Chapel (expulsion of Joachim, Kiss of Judas-a fresco, Last Judgement), (aspects of the tortured and blessed); Architecture- Campanile, produced design for Bell Tower |
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| JAN VAN EYCK (1390-1441): |
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perfected (not invented) Oil on Canvas. Fooled the eye with perspective, detail, and variety.
Works: Ghent Altarpiece, Arnolfini Portrait (mirror usage and realistic view), Madonna with Chancellor Nicolas Rolin (included patrons face) |
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| His most famous painting was "Primavera." He was known for his religious pictures but his most famous works were paintings of mythological creatures and gods from ancient Greek and Roman stories. |
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| He was the 3rd great Renaissance painter… Master of lighting and shadow. Disputation over the Sacraments ( 1509-1511); The School of Athens (1509-1511); Fire in the Borgo (1514); The Transfiguration (1520) |
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| He painted the “celebrities”… Meeting the Bacchus and Ariadne; Venus of Urbino; Pope Paul III; Charles V at Muhlberg; Charles V at Muhlberg (1548); Prince Philip; Liked female nudes |
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| The Sistine Chapel & The Last Judgment… Younger friend and rival of Da Vinci. Liked male nudes. Commissioned by a formidable Pope Julius II; God Created Adam… He also was a sculptor (Pieta, David… which is his most famous work) Revised finished, was not the original architect, St. Peter’s Basilica (1537-1550); Tomb of Julius II (planned 1505); Medici Chapel (1519-1534) |
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| Santa Maria Novella (1458-1470); art scholar; known for Pursuing philosophical, artistic, scientific and athletic endeavors in a successful attempt to become a true "Renaissance Man." |
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| Giovanni Pierluigi di Palestrina |
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| an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition. He had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony. |
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| one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy. Duomo (1420-1436) |
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| this completed the reonquista. It was the last Muslim conquest. Their first win over Islam in decades. At first when the Muslims lost, they were allowed to stay for a little, then they were forcibly baptized or expelled. Mariscos= converted Muslims. |
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| White Rose of York vs. Red Rose of Lancaster: Two families trying to take over England since Henry VI was crazy. The went into a civil war. Henry VI dies, the Yorks win. Then Edward IV is elected, after he dies, his two young sons are the next in line. Richard III jumps in the way and the kids are never heard from again. |
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| The war between the kingdom of England and France. English has the Welsh long bow which proves to be useful during the battle of Agincourt. The nobles in France really like the war because they could loot things and make a fortune. France ended up winning the war and the monarchy comes out much stronger because it seems to be the institution that won the war. Charles was able to reenter the capitol. Transformed warfare as it was known. Such things as building a small permanent army became important with the decline of futile mobilization. There was a shift to money payments and this allows for standing army. The cannon becomes a powerful tool. The parliament gains a stake in taxes and war funding and more nobility started speaking English. |
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A family of Italian Bankers that had control over the city of Florence from the 1420’s to 1494. Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464)- became the banker to the Papacy and became incredibly wealthy. Never had an actual political position but he had so much money that he bought all the elections and put whoever he wanted into offices. indirect rule. Also used money to build buildings, patronize artists, create employment, etc. He was the major patron of the Platonic Academy.
Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (1449-1492)- Cosimo’s grandson- He sponsored Raphael, Michelangelo, and other high renaissance master. He threw big parties and festivals. Somebody tried to kill him and they killed his brother by the Pazzis, a rival, rich family as well. The Pope was said to sponsor the assassination. He then began to lose money because of excessive spending. Savonarola started criticizing Lorenzo and did not stop telling him that he was doing things wrongly in Florence.
The Fall of Piero de Medici (1494) -> Republic- Piero only had power for 2 years and he changed the alliance with France, which prompted the invasion of Charles VIII over Italy. Piero was hated and was ran out of town and Savonarola took control.
When the Spaniards took over Italy they put the Medicis back into power. The Return of the Medicis (1512-1530)- They were Spanish puppets in Florence and eventually Florence was no longer a state but it became the capital of Tuscsany, a Spanish territory in Italy. |
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| (1478-1529) and The Courtier (1528)- The book talked about how to get some recognition and power from the Princes that have all the power in a princeship “How to be a good cronie/groupie”. Castiglione wrote about how educated and mannered you had to be in order to be a good “groupie” for the princes. It still kept the renaissance man idea but for a different context -- maintaining the favor of the Prince you are working for. |
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| Henry VII of England-(1485-1509) |
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| He set up a royal council of advisors but none of the great nobles in England are not allowed in the council of advisors. He did this to shift away from the nobles and to gain loyalty from common people rather than to deal with nobles that are very self interested and corrupt. Since England was poor and in debt after the wars, Henry wanted to stay at peace in order to build England back up and he encouraged trade. He aggressively sought out allies in Europe in order to make sure the French wont be aggressive in starting a war. Henry VII sent his son, Henry, to marry Catherine of Aragon in Spain to have a Spanish ally. He argues that the marriage was vital for the peace of Europe so the Pope approved it (because his other son was married to her first). Their divorce would eventually lead to England decision to go with Protestantism instead of Catholicism in the future |
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| Ferdinand and Isabella were second cousins. Isabella was Queens of Castile and Ferdinand was King of Aragon, but they did not unite the two territories. Juana la Beltranjena (Henry’s illegitimate daugher) tried to rebel against them in the War of Succession from 1469-1479 but they ended up victorious. They brought up the Santa Hermanidad, little town militias that were centralized and became the starting point for a Royal Army. They prohibited wars between families and forced nobles to give back land in the Act of Resumption. The Concejo Real, or royal council, was like Henry’s royal council. They faced the Converso Problem (Jews that converted) and the Inquisition (expulsion, conversion, or execution of Jews from Spain). They also dealt with Colombus’ requests for travel. |
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A great navigator born in Genoa, Italy. He settled in Portugal and tried to convince the Portuguese royalty to fund his trip to the West Indies, but he was denied so he went to Spain. Eventually, Ferdinand and Isabella granted him the money and a fleet. He sailed for 2 months and eventually reached the Bahamas and then went to Haiti, or Hispanola, thought it was China. He went back to Spain to get permission for a voyage of colonization. He went back and there was less gold than expected. He went on a 3rd and landed in Venezuela and thought it was the Garden of Eden. Colombus was arrested for hanging Spaniards in Hispanola and then taken back to Spain. His fourth voyage was funded as his last and he was then picked up and taken back to Spain once again. He returned a defeated man and with no supporters as Isabella died. He then passed away and was buried with his chains on May 20th, 1506.
• The Spanish Inquisition- (6000 people executed)
o The Converso Problem
o 150,000-200,000 Jews converted to Christianity because of mob rioting pressure
o The Revolt of Toledo (1449) was at the Heart of Castille was because of the Converso problem.
• People putting pressure on Ferdinand and Isabella to deal with the problem of all the new “Conversos”
o The Inquisition established
• Becomes a royal council
• Only common council between Castille and Eragon
o Tomas de Torquemada (1420-1498)
• First leader of the Inquisition
• Isabella’s professor when she was younger
• Of 6000 killed, first 2000 during his reign |
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| Niccolo Machiavelli and The Prince (1469-1527) |
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1. Career in the Republic
2. Life after the Republic- he still needed a job after politics so he wrote his resume, The Prince. He had to go live in the countryside and he was not very happy about this because he was disconnected from politics and things going on in the city
3. Writings-
a) The Prince (1513; pub. 1531)- Machiavelli’s magnum opus. It did not sum up his actual ideas of government. He said politics in a bloody business. You shouldn’t follow all rules of morality, act like you do but in order to get ahead it is necessary to bend the rules. It is better to be feared then loved. These were realistic politics. He said there was nothing worse than being conquered. People are always corrupt and that is why politics is a complicated subject. His definition of virtue: it is a skill. The skill to make things happen in order to keep your stake
b) The Discourses (1518; pub. 1531)-This was a massive book and commented on the 10 books of Livy, the old Roman writer. He said that he is actually not a fan of princely regimes and said that republics were better.
c) -The History of Florence (1525)-Invaluable source for the politics of the era.
4. Influence
a) He is said to have begun the sense of modern political science. |
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| • Giocanni Pico della Mirandola and the Oration on the dignity of man (1486) |
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o Humanist/Neoplatonist author
o The Apologia (1486)
o In oration on Dignity of man… argues that truth is truth wherever it comes from
• full of optimism about the potential of mankind. Man started out wonderful. Man can choose to be with the angels by studying virtue or go down to the worms by following greed and lust. He believes that you can have a good life on earth, while still being on track to get to Heaven; contradicts Augustine (life is just a means to an end; get to Heaven asap).
2. The Battle of Agincourt (October 25, 1415)
a) Massive French army battles English army and corners them outside of Agincourt.
b) French would not sign a truce for Henry
c) Horrible French defeat because of French nobles’ lack of coordination and the Welsh longbow.
d) Many French soldiers and knights drowned in mud
e) Burgundy Allies with England (1419)
f) Northern France falls to Henry
g) Treaty of Troyes (1420)- Charles gave daughter to Henry
h) Death (August 31, 1422)
i) The Rule of John of Bedford (1422-1435)- Henry’s younger brother took power
j) War became less popular in England because nobility had less opportunities to loot things. Parliament kept funding for England
k) Charles VII of france was a weak king in the south of France. |
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1. Voices from God? - She was a peasant who dressed like a man and led armies. She claimed that she was receiving a message from heaven
2. Appearance before the Dauphin (February 1429)- she predicted and told the Dauphin that he would be crowned in Rheims. The Problem was that Rheims was under English control.
3. March to Orleans (May 1429)- many people in army followed her and she took an army to Orleans. The English withdrew away from her army and she continued to launch small skirmishes
4. Rheims captured (July 1429)- She ended up capturing the city and the very next day Charles was crowned, just like she predicted.
5. Capture (1430), Trial and Execution (1431)- Captured by the Burgundians, allies of the English. She was handed over to the English and the English did not like her very much. They tried her for heresy and witchcraft. She ended up being burned as a witch at the age of 18. |
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| Mehmet II “The Conqueror” (1451-1481) |
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1. The New Alexander- Alexander was his hero and he wanted to conquer the world, just like his hero. Very zealous for Islam but also tolerant of other religions. Bisexual pedophile....
2. Peace Treaties with Venice and Hungary (1451)- The only western powers that would threaten his goals and stop him.
3. The “Throat Cutter” (1452)- fort built alongside the water in Constantinople with cannons
4. He also began to build a Navy; Urban builds a gun (1452). 70 feet long able to shoot a half ton stone.
C. The Siege of Constantinople (April 6- May 29, 1453)
1. Constantine XI Paleologus (1449-1453)
2. Giustiniani and his 700 men (only help the West sends)
3. The Arrival of the Turks (80,000)
4. The Big gun takes a while to move and can only shoot 7 times a day but other cannons begin to help the turks mow down the walls. Byzantines were hoping to hold out long enough to allow the massive turkish army to starve or die of disease.
5. Turkish attacks- Turks go around the Golden Horn and flank the Byzantines.
6. Giustiniani wounded and Constantine dies
7. The Gate Falls |
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Medieval Background- small but wealthy city-states that were constantly fighting each other
2. The Peace of Lodi (1454)- It initially was a truce between Venice and Milan. It then came to include Milan, Venice, Naples, Florence, and the Papal States. They were always fighting to see who would control Northern Italy. |
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| : The Encomender (man in charge of the land, whom is of Spanish nobility) would be granted two things land and labor from the land to take care of the land. If you are a Spanish knight, you don’t do manual labor. It started with the the reconquista and was adapted by Columbus in the Indes. |
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| He was Portuguese and started sailing up the African coast, shortly after Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope. He landed at a port on the Northern coast of Africa, and found a Middle Eastern man who knew the way to India. Portuguese explorer who reached India in 1498. |
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| The Treaty of Tordesillas |
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| 1494 agreement signed between Spain and Portugal, which divided the world (Atlantic ocean) into separate spheres of influences. Portugal = east, Spain = west. |
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-He took part in the conquest of Cuba, didn’t get along with his commander. Heads out illegally to the mainland with an expedition of people hes gathered because he heard about “El Dorado” (City of Gold). Meets princess, La Malinche, and they become lovers. Lands at Verecruz and orders the ships to be burned at the shore… aka there is no going back. They push into the interior of Mexico. They were entering into very big, sophisticated cities that were subjects to the Aztecs. They were fierce warriors. Even the Spaniards were impressed by the bravery of the Aztecs
-Cortez left his most ruthless and brutal fighter in charge, and the Aztecs rebel. The crowd stones Moctezuma, the ruler of the Aztec empire. The Spanish retreat across a bridge away from the Aztecs, falling into the water and drowning because their pockets were full of gold. On Aug 13, 1521, Cuatemoc was virtually destroyed. Then, all of the gold and silver that the Aztecs had collected belonged to the Spaniards… reached the “promised land” |
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| Francisco Pizarro and the Incas |
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-He had been undercover for 20 years before he had enough money to strike on his own. He came from a very poor family, and the thought of wealth was very appealing to him. Carries smallpox and other disease with him, which kills the Incan emperor. This leads to a civil war between his two sons: Atahualpa and Huascar… Pizarro kidnapped his Atahualpa, saying that you need to fill one room with gold and one with silver, and then they’d let him go. They listened, but it wasn’t fast enough to Pizarro. Gave him two options: convert to Christianity and he would be strangled to death, if not, he would be burned. Atahualpa is killed (Aug 1533). Pizarro founded Lima, and then was assassinated by his own people (June 26, 1541)
Conqueror of the Incans |
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| Bartolome de las Casas (1484-1566) |
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-Came from a good family, went out with Columbus on his third voyage… his goal was to make some money, but he started to feel pained by the oppression of the Spaniards upon the natives. And so, he gave it up. He cashed out his land and became a Dominican monk. He then renounces the encomienda system in Cuba. He argued tirelessly that something needed to be done for the natives. Told Charles IV that if he didn’t do something about the oppression, that he would go to hell. Pushed for new laws that would end the encomienda system, giving the native rights. This was initially opposed by Gonzalo Pizarro, but he got too dictatorial.
-Many Spaniards were very disturbed by what was going on with the natives. Bartolome de Las Casas wrote in favor of the natives, saying that they need to be converted to Christianity peacefully.
-Sepulvida argued the opposite of Las Casas.
-Las Casas won the debate, but not much changed. Some new laws were instilled, but they were still oppressed. He was a Dominican monk and defender of Indian rights. |
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