Heuristic

thinking stragedy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision but-unlike algorithm may sometimes lead to errors.

Representative heuristic

rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they represent a certain category or group

Availability heuristic

involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory

Syllogistic reasoning

kind of formal reasoning in which a person draws a conclusion from a set of assumptions

PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

most common- means-end analysis-  involves repeated tests for differences between desired outcome and what currently exists.

Sub goals

dividing a problem into intermediate steps

Insight

KOHLER came up with – sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared unrelated

Functional Fixedness

the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.

Mental set

the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist

Confirmation bias

problem solvers favor initial hypotheses and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions

Creativity

ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways

Divergent thinking

the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions

Convergent thinking

the ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic

Grammar

system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

Phonology

the study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes

Syntax

ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences

Semantics

meanings of words and sentences

Learning theory

the theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

Intelligence

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

“g” factor

the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

fluid intelligence

intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

crystallized intelligence

is the accumulation of information,skills, and stragedies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations.

gardners theory of multiple intelligences

proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence

practical intelligence

according to STERNBERG, intelligence related to overall success in living,

emotional intelligence

set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

intelligence tests

tests devised to quantify a persons level of intelligence

Who

created first intelligence test?

Tests that were created to identify “dullest” students in the paris school system to provide them with remedial aid

Mental age

age for which a given level of performance is average or typical

IQ

score that takes into account an individuals mental and chronological ages.

FORMULA FOR IQ

MA(mental age)/CA (chronological age)X 100

Reliability

property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure

Validity

property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure

IQ tests

Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, Wechsler adult intelligence test and childrens version wechslers intelligence scalre for children is commonly used in the usa

Flynn effect

average person today gets more items correct than did the average person several generations ago on IQ tests.

Psychodynamic approach

personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness over

Psychoanalytic approach

Freuds theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

Id

the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

Ego

the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world

Superego

according to freud, the final personality structure to develop ,it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by  persons parents, teacher, and other important figures.

Psychosexual stages

developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between demands of society and their own sexual urges.

Oral stage

birth-12/18 months. Infants center of pleasure is the mouth

Anal stage

18mon-3yrs. Childs pleasure is centered on the anus

Phallic stage

age 3- genitals

Oedipal conflict

a childs sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent

Identification

process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible

Latency period

period between phallic and puberty where childrens sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

Genital stage

puberty-death (freud) marked by mature sexual behavior.

Defense mechanisms

in Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others

Jung

collective unconscious

Horney

Develops from social relationships

Adler

inferioty complex

Allports trait theory

identifying basic characteristics

THE BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS

·        Openness to experice

·        Conscienctiousness

·        Extraversion

·        Agreeableness

·        Neuroticism(emotional stability)