Term
| When did the French Revolution occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| French Revolution in history |
|
Definition
| Ended with coup that brought Napoleon to power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First of a series of revolutions
Feudalism to capitalism
End of period of absolutism - Old World period that was characterized by French aristocracy |
|
|
Term
| Revolutions similar to French Revolution |
|
Definition
French Revolution was bourgeoisie revolution but not first of its kind, social and political revolution not liberation movement or religious, child of Enlightenment which showed man as a rational, responsible individual
Dutch revolt against Spain - destroy old order of Spanish monarchs (but also liberation war and religious war)
English Civil War - end of absolutism in England, a lot of religious
American Civil War - liberation war |
|
|
Term
| French Revolution positive impact on world |
|
Definition
Revolution and Napoleonic wars conquered several countries and exported French practices
Sentiments behind revolution were felt internationally |
|
|
Term
| French Revolution - criticisms |
|
Definition
Severe questioning of Enlightenment principles
Legacy of revolution - radicals wanted to pursue actions further, conservatives wanted old order
---Difference between the two was man's capacity to make a difference in the world as a socially responsible individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1820- Italy, Portugal, Spain
1830- France
1848- Germany, Austria, Hungary, France
These revolutions tended to be more radical than French of 1789, most were suppressed, but govs had to instill reforms to prevent other revolutions: working class movements |
|
|
Term
| France before the revolution |
|
Definition
France in 18th cent. was an absolute monarchy
Governed by landed aristocracy
Privileges by church, aristocracy, cities, provinces constrained development of economy
Clergy and aristocracy did not pay taxes
Taxation income was also used from king to pay interest groups in forms of gifts
Monarchy redistributed income in favor of privileged classes
Censorship and other limitation of freedom of speech were seen as intolerable limitations during Age of Enlightenment
Luxury of Royal Court criticized
Since Louis XIV - three kings live in Versailles, noble families had housing in palace, 2500 feet, 1500 court positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most of it was Louis XV - always under influence of his favorites and court members, like Marquise de Pompadour
He did not support reforms
After us, the deluge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1774, many hopes with new king rule
Appointed lead Enlightenment philosopher and economist to be Financial Minister - Turgot
During term, Turgot focused on free trade
Hardworking but not a strong character - under influence of his wife Marie Antoinette |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Did not have a strong knowledge of political affairs - followed her mother, Maria Theresa (Empress of the Holy Roman Empire) |
|
|
Term
| Initial Government Clashing - Louis XVI |
|
Definition
Reforms of Turgot not as favorable to French elite
Turgot disgrace in 1776 marked end of trying to reform Ancient Regime
1780s- angered Third Estate (or commons) found expression in caricatures and pamphlets |
|
|
Term
| Sieyes - What is the Third Estate? |
|
Definition
Asked three questions that expressed a widely shared view
1. What is the Third Estate? Everything.
2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing.
3. What does it ask? To become something. |
|
|
Term
| Ideology leading to French Revolution |
|
Definition
Civil passions was important component of French cultural and intellectual life pre-revolutionary years
Thinkers looked back to Roman republic in search for political ideals, lessons and civil values
Idea of self-sacrifice for sake of Fatherland became typical for generations of future revolutionaries |
|
|
Term
| Initiation of 1789 Revolution: Estates General side |
|
Definition
1789- Financial crisis forced Louis XVI to convene Estates General, a representative institution that had not been convened since 1614
Estates were going to vote for new taxes but instead of giving money, they (especially those for 3rd Estate), demanded king of reforms
Deputies disobeyed when Estates General was convened, Count of Mirabeau challenged king's representatives
Deputies gathered on tennis court of Versailles and threatened to stay until they formulate a program and king accepts it |
|
|
Term
| Initiation of 1789 Revolution - Civilian side |
|
Definition
King and Estates General under constant pressure to make reforms
July 14- Group of Parisians storm royal fortress and prison, Bastille
Decapitated Governor of Bastille
First violent act and kick started revolution
Expression of profound discontent of French people with social order, resulted in peasant uprisings around most parts of France (great fear of 1789)
Peasants burned nobles houses and killed their masters |
|
|
Term
| Social Order Changes after Great Fear of 1789 |
|
Definition
Aug 4- Initiative of Constituent Assembly nobility deputies met to abolish seigniorial rights and other elements of feudalism
"Night of miracles" - nobles were so afraid of peasant uprisings that they could not stop giving speeches about feudalism over entire night |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen |
|
Definition
Aug 26, 1789
Foundational document of contemporary human rights
Idea of natural rights that all humans have since birth
All men are created equal and society has to guarantee their equality
Written under strong influence of American Revolution
Drafted by Lafayette - French aristocrat and hero of American Revolution, finalized by Count de Mirabeau |
|
|
Term
| Political Changes throughout Revolution of 1789 |
|
Definition
Moderate and radical changes
1791- Constitutional Assembly adopted first French constitution; France became limited monarchy with king as executive
Before adoption, Louis XVI tried invade France through Austria but was arrested in Varennes
Formation of elected Legislative Assembly |
|
|
Term
| Political Representation throughout Revolution of 1789 |
|
Definition
Two main groups of deputies: Girondists (moderates) and Jacobins (most influential in French Revolution)
Jacobin history goes back to Friends of Constitution political club that would have sessions in a monestary
1792 both groups desired for abolition of monarchy and to go to war with Austria
Monarchy abolished because of invasion of Palace of Tuileries
1792 new governmental body - the Convention took place of Legislative Assembly, task was to create new republican constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
September 1792, French army defeated Prussian army at Valmy
War and abolition of monarchy put Louis XVI on trial - he was accused of treason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Killed by guillotine in 1793
Guillotine invented in 1789 by Dr. Guillotin
Tool of revolutionary terror
Used in France until 1977
Marie Antoinette also killed
Son Louis Charles given to family of shoe-makerS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
King killed and lead to revolutionary terror
Fall of monarchy lead to a new era
Convention had new calendar listing 1793 as first year of liberty, beginning on Sept 22, 1792 - year Republic had been proclaimed |
|
|
Term
| Property during Revolution |
|
Definition
Accompanied by massive transfer of property
Property of Church, king, and emigrants was confiscated by government and sold to partly to peasants and mostly to rich entrepreneurs and farmers that could buy it |
|
|
Term
| Radicalization of Revolution |
|
Definition
Execution of leading Girondists in 1793
Jacobins remained alone in power
Rule from 1793-1794: highest point of revolutionary terror
Convention's Committee on Public Safety: main instrument of terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Incorruptible, informal leader of Committee of Public SafetyJea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radical journalist, editor of newspaper The Friend of the People |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No freedom for the enemies of freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relatively moderate Jacobin who did not agree with terror
He was accused of corruption and executed in April 1794- a few months before fall of Jacobins |
|
|
Term
| Total revolutionary terror |
|
Definition
Over 16,000 people died
Terror lead to decrease of initial sympathy of revolution |
|
|
Term
| Reflections on the Revolution in France |
|
Definition
Edmund Burke
Formulated principles of conservative philosophy
Revolution is an outburst of destructive passions calling into question social order and civilization
Tradition most important mean of containing passions
Jacobin terror example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Old institutions - Regime, church, aristocracy were destroyed
Local privileges and customs abolished
Administrative practices standardized
Society of orders ceased to exist |
|
|
Term
| External affairs during Revolution |
|
Definition
From 1792 - France at war with coalition of European countries (Austria and Prussia)
Internal resistance in France to politics of revolutionary government
Members of nobility massively emigrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peasant uprisings, often led by nobles and priests, and a genuine peasant war in Vandee
Revolt in Vandee was a war of rural royalist France against forces of modernization represented by revolutionary government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parisians wanted more egalitarian approach from Jacobins
Jacobins refused to go along and executed leaders that didn't go along in spring 1794
Led to Jacobin isolation
July 1794 - Jacobins were arrested and decapitated by more moderate Convention members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reign of new bougeousis after failure of democratic movements
New government - Directory ruled France from 1794-99 when it was dissolved by Napoleon |
|
|
Term
| French Revolutionary Wars |
|
Definition
1792
Austria, Prussia, England
France did not win, but initially successful |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon in Revolutionary Wars |
|
Definition
Successful in Revolutionary Wars
Six victories in six days
Italian Campaign: main success of French armies in 1796
1797 - Napoleon invaded Austria and used it to make peace
After defeating Austria, Napoleon turn to England and conquered Egypt to get to India
Admiral Nelson's fleet then destroyed French navy and communication was cut off |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon's Return to France after Egypt Campaign |
|
Definition
Egypt Campaign was a failure
Snuck out of Admiral Nelson's navy control and secretly got back to Paris
Government accused him of treason
So Napoleon formed a coup to get back at gov because gov was unpopular
Government refused to give him extraordinary power to protect republic, so onward with the coup (Joachim Murat) |
|
|
Term
| Beginning of Napoleon's Rule |
|
Definition
Emperor of the French in 1804
Completed important legal and administrative reforms
Formulated Civilian Code (which became fundamental for law development)
Newly liberated econ was making progress (not withstanding wars)
Napoleon's main business was war
Marshals and ministers of modest social origin
Despotism criticized by liberals, but was popular overall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Napoleon and International Affairs |
|
Definition
Struggle against several coalitions of European powers led by England
Napoleon wanted to challenge hegemony and invade England in 1804, but then England formed a new anti-France coalition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1805 was one of Napoleon's most successful achievements
Several battles destroyed main armies of Third Coalition (Austrian and Russian armies) and occupied Vienna
Defeat Austria, Prussia, Russia and Spain
By 1812 most of Europe under his control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Defeat both joint Austrian-Russian Forces
One of his most impressive ventures while in power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unable to destroy British navy and win war
British fleet under Nelson defeat Napoleon at Battle of Trafalgar in 1805
Napoleon in effect could not invade England, so tried to enforce economic blockade - did not work
Continued conquests to form blockade
In 1808- invaded Spain, Napoleon deal with England's guerilla warfare type navy, and Spain efforts did not work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Russia sabotaged the blockade
In 1812, great army, 420,000 soldiers invaded Russia
Russian army 200,000 soldiers made Napoleon go to Moscow -- 700 mile journey and communications
Battle of Borodino - both sides relatively equal but Napoleon did not succeed to defeat Russian army, but Russian army retreated
Napoleon expected Czar Alexander I to surrender but didn't
Napoleon had no more troops and could not stay in Russia for the winter
With fire and winter...only 30,000 soldiers made it back |
|
|
Term
| After Napoleon's loss to Russia |
|
Definition
In 1813, Russia, England, Austria and Prussia all declared war on France
Napoleon's soldiers lost
March 1813- Napoleon forced to abdicate by Marshals
Sent to exile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regime of Restoration really unpopular
Napoleon invades with old army
No resistance
In power for 100 days |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon's 100 day Return - Coalition |
|
Definition
Napoleon did not have enough resources to fend off the coalition
Last battle: Battle of Waterloo (1815), he was arrested and exiled to Saint Helena
Louis XVIII returned to throne and Bourbon Restoration occurred until 1830 |
|
|
