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| community concepts in health: |
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community empowerment
community capacity |
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| social concepts in health |
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Definition
social capital
social cohesion |
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| "social" concepts in health have an advantage over "_____" ones by directing that attention to higher order of political system |
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"_____" concepts in health have an advantage over "community" ones by directing that attention to higher order of political systems
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| Two competing social justice norms: |
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- 1) equality of opportunity
- 2) equality of outcome
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| small may be beautiful, but it may also be _____ |
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Definition
small may be _____, but it may also be insignificant
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| inequalities may be bad for your health. Avoid excessive _____, _____, and ____ ____ |
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_____ may be bad for your health. Avoid excessive greed, intolerance, and poor parents
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| The twinned concepts of social inclusion/exclusion > shrink preventable differences in health, well-being, and quality of life that still _____ and _____ our communities |
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Definition
The twinned concepts of social inclusion/exclusion > shrink preventable differences in _____, ____-____, and ____ __ ____ that still demarcate and segregate our communities
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| The twinned concepts of social inclusion/exclusion is more helpful than concept of social _____ / _____ |
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The twinned concepts of social _____/_____ is more helpful than concept of social cohesion / capital
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school of thought:
conflict sociology |
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Definition
| societies have a tenuous arrangement of fluid groupings in some degree of conflict with one another for POWER (resources, authority, and legitimacy) |
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| where there is no conflict, there is suppression > view some degree of social conflict as _____ |
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Definition
where there is no conflict, there is _____ > view some degree of social conflict as healthy
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• no shared defnition (vary among individuals and organizations).
• trust, reciprocity, participation, social network density |
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| economic growth is the necessary means to the end of building social capital |
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Definition
| economic growth is sometimes necessary because many of today's rich countries would benefit more by 'developing' their economies to be more equitable and sustainable (vs. just growing in size) |
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Term
| economic growth provides a sufficiency of wealth required by states for universal programs and resource redistribution that, in turn, are essential to the foundations for the capabilities that allow people to "live a life hey have reason to value". |
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Definition
economic growth provides a sufficiency of wealth required by states for universal programs and resource redistribution that, in turn, are essential to the foundations for the capabilities that allow people to "live a life hey have reason to value".
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Social capital builds a linguistic bridge between those in the _____ and those in ____ ____
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Definition
| ____ ____ builds a linguistic bridge between those in the market and those in civil society |
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| Social capital: They got the noun, which _____, while we go the adjective, which merely _____. |
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Definition
____ ____: They got the noun, which defines, while we go the adjective, which merely modifies.
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Term
| wilful social exclusion by groups, by their logic and rules, replicate and heighten the material hierarchies of _____ |
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Definition
wilful ____ ____ by groups, by their logic and rules, replicate and heighten the material hierarchies of inequality
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Term
people internalize their own powerlessness and become their own prison guards. Social inclusion efforts must _____ people to relative powerlessness rather than challenge the hierarchies that create it
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Definition
people internalize their own _____ and become their own prison guards. Social inclusion efforts must accommodate people to relative powerlessness rather than challenge the hierarchies that create it
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Term
| human rights and redistribution of resources (_____ and _____ equality) do not sufficient conditions for people "to be accepted and to participate fully within our families, communities, and our society". |
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Definition
human _____ and _____ of resources (income and material equality) do not sufficient conditions for people "to be accepted and to participate fully within our families, communities, and our society".
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what populations suffer from
social exclusion? |
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Definition
- women
- minorities
- poor
- sick
- disabled
- children / youth
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| conceptually, social exclusion is better than blaming the victim. They are disadvantaged by social processes > _____ (rather than excluding structures predicated on inequality) |
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Definition
conceptually, social exclusion is better than blaming the victim. They are disadvantaged by _____ _____ > exclusion (rather than excluding structures predicated on inequality)
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Term
| Social inclusion = acceptance by and participation in _____, _____, and _____ |
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Definition
____ ____ = acceptance by and participation in family, community, and society
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Term
| social exclusion = people "do not have the opportunity for full participation in the _____ and _____ benefits of society" |
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Definition
____ ____ = people "do not have the opportunity for full participation in the economic and social benefits of society"
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Term
| ppl are excluded from benefits of soc b/c they are poor > but poor b/c lack these benefits > ACTUALLY lack benefits b/c capital and state structures allow wealth to accumulate _____ (to benefit the powerful) |
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Definition
ppl are excluded from benefits of soc b/c they are poor > but poor b/c lack these benefits > ACTUALLY lack benefits b/c _____ and _____ structures allow wealth to accumulate unequally (to benefit the powerful)
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Term
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Definition
| Women are cast economically as a source of cheap and surplus wage labour, and of free reproductive labour |
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| contemporary racial discrimination is firmly planed in contemporary capitalism |
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Definition
| "only the wealth of the expoited colonies - their resources, their policies, their enslavement - allowed Western capitalism to depose feudalism" |
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Term
slavery collapsed when it was no longer _____ _____, not without a bloody war but not because of it. It's undertow remains.
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Definition
_____ collapsed when it was no longer economically efficient, not without a bloody war but not because of it. It's undertow remains.
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Term
| internationally, ethnic conflicts have powerful roots in the _____ structures and _____ systems that allow wealth to accumulate unequally and powerful others to benefit directly and immediately |
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Definition
internationally, _____ conflicts have powerful roots in the economic structures and political systems that allow wealth to accumulate unequally and powerful others to benefit directly and immediately
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Term
| contemporary social exclusion based on gendered or racialized difference will also have a _____ and ____-____ component, with some people deriving |
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Definition
contemporary social exclusion based on _____ or _____ difference will also have a material and class-based component, with some people deriving
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Term
'white' workers earn 16% MORE than non-white
• this is racism
• this is ____ ____ for employers |
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Definition
'white' workers earn 16% MORE than non-white
• this is _____
• this is economic advantage for employers
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Term
| Social exclusion is not about categories of people but the relations of _____ that categorize people |
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Definition
____ ____ the relations of power that categorize people
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| uncritical use of social inclusion/exclusion can blind us to the use, abuse, and distribution of _____ |
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Definition
uncritical use of social inclusion/exclusion can blind us to the _____, _____, and _____ of power
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Term
| characteristics of win/win relationship r/t power |
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Definition
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Term
characteristics of win/LOSE relationship r/t power
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Definition
• dominance
• expoitation
• hegemony |
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Term
We should not let the warmth of our inclusive ideal smother our anger over exclusivity's unfairness:
Exclusion > Anger > _____ > Social Trans > Social Inclusion |
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Definition
We should not let the warmth of our inclusive ideal smother our _____ over exclusivity's unfairness:
Exclusion > _____ > mobilization > Social Trans > Social Inclusion
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Term
| economically advanced countries > high unemployment because _____ change to digital economy and liberalized ability to locate more labour-intensive prod'n in low-wage countries |
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Definition
economically advanced countries > high _____ because capitalism's change to digital economy and liberalized ability to locate more labour-intensive prod'n in low-wage countries
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Term
| Fearing loss of social cohesion, france shifted policy (1988) to guarantee minimum income, but only if social _____ (shifts in capitalist production) |
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Definition
Fearing loss of social cohesion, france shifted policy (1988) to guarantee _____ _____, but only if social reintegration (shifts in capitalist production)
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| a loss of personal meaning that arises with deep tears in the social fabric that normally binds people together |
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Term
| Social inclusion or social integration tends to adapt people to the needs of _____ rather than regulate _____ to the needs of people |
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Definition
Social _____ or social _____ tends to adapt people to the needs of markets rather than regulate markets to the needs of people
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Term
| rather than neighbourhoods, _____ are where people form man of their lasting friendships |
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Definition
rather than _____, workplaces are where people form man of their lasting friendships
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Term
Poverty reducing job-types include:
• _____ - highly insecure
• _____ - employment increasingly so
• _____ - less spend (trim job-force) |
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Definition
_____ reducing job-types include:
• informal - highly insecure
• private - employment increasingly so
• public - less spend (trim job-force)
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Term
| New Global Trade Regime: rich > richer. Poor > ____ ____ |
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Definition
New ____ ____ ____: rich > richer. Poor > further behind
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Term
| Rich counties achieved richness using "Special and differential" exemptions to trade rules so that they can grow their economies |
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Definition
Rich counties achieved richness using "Special and differential" exemptions to trade rules so that they can grow their economies
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Term
| despite having "developed" their economies using "special and differential" exemptions to trade rules to grow their economy, rich countries now want to "level the playing field" to deny poorer countries the same opportunity |
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Definition
despite having "developed" their economies using "special and differential" exemptions to trade rules to grow their economy, rich countries now want to "level the playing field" to deny poorer countries the same opportunity
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Term
Equality in outcome demands inequalities in _____
• the process of including some will almost inevitably exclude others |
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Definition
Equality in outcome demands inequalities in _____
• the process of including some will almost inevitably exclude others
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Term
| "inequalities in opportunity" does not mean targeted programs at the expense of universal programs. But universal programs without some targeting within them (some deference to greater disparity/need/hx exclusion) can heighten inequalities in outcome because of who is better able to avail of such programs |
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Definition
"inequalities in opportunity" does not mean targeted programs at the expense of universal programs. But universal programs without some targeting within them (some deference to greater disparity/need/hx exclusion) can heighten inequalities in outcome because of who is better able to avail of such programs
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Term
| social inclusion / exclusion requires a global lens (not just a ____ or ____ lens) |
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Definition
social inclusion / exclusion requires a _____ lens (not just a national or local lens)
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Term
| Women's employment remains: |
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Definition
- low paid
- unhealthy
- insecure in "free-trade" export zones that prohibit any labour orgzn and employ only single women
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Term
| Often, the income women earn in developing countries still goes to male household members. |
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Definition
Often, the income women earn in developing countries still goes to male household members.
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Term
| most developing counties lay pay equity laws; the gender gap in many countries is _____ |
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Definition
most developing counties lay ____ ____ ____; the gender gap in many countries is widening
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Term
| public caring supports for babies have been _____ in many trade-opened countries, portending future health inequalities |
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Definition
public caring supports for ____ have been declining in many trade-opened countries, portending future health inequalities
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Term
global "hierarchy of care" - increasing # women from developing nations are getting employment as ____ ____ or other ____ ____ in wealthy countries
(they become 'socially included') |
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Definition
global "____ of ____" - increasing # women from developing nations are getting employment as domestic workers or other service providers in wealthy countries
(they become 'socially included')
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Term
| the process of including some will almost inevitable _____ others |
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Definition
the process of _____ some will almost inevitable exclude others
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Term
| our concern should not be with the groups or conditions that are excluded, but with the socio-economic rules and political powers that _____ excluded groups and conditions and the groups who benefit from this. |
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Definition
our concern should not be with the groups or conditions that are excluded, but with the ____-____ rules and political powers that create excluded groups and conditions and the groups who benefit from this.
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Term
| Goals for applying the idea of social inclusion/exclusion |
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Definition
• make less powerful > more powerful
• disorganized > more organized
• less capable > more resourced/confident in their capacities |
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Term
| many excluded groups simply want the same chance to climb the ladders of wealth and power that others have before them |
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Definition
many excluded groups simply want the same chance to climb the ladders of wealth and power that others have before them
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Term
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Definition
• aged 50-65 years, (mostly 65)
• # of senior in Cda increase 4.2 > 9.8 million between 2005-2036
• in 2005 > women 75% of 90+ age |
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Term
| Factors contributing to Social Exclusion of Older Adults |
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Definition
- Poverty
- disability
- mental illness
- immigrant status
- ageism
- individual factors > health
- community factors > transport
- health care factors > access
- • systemic factors > poverty, ageism
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Term
Characteristics contributing to social exclusion among older adults?
(Individual level factors) |
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Definition
- life expectancy increasing
- imporoves self-assessed health
- improved functional health
- increasing chronic diseases (arthritis, diabetes)
- increasing obesity
- no improvements in physical activity
- high suicide rates among senior men
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Term
Characteristics contributing to social exclusion among older adults?
(Individual level factors: health: Grade B)
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Definition
- in nunavit, NWT, aboriginal pop'n, life expectancy at 65 almost 4 years lower than national avg
- aboriginal ppl have more chronic ill (diabetes)
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Term
Characteristics contributing to social exclusion among older adults?
(Health System Factors: Grade C+)
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Definition
- medicaion use increasing
- difficulty with access to specialized care
- waiting times
- out of pocket expenses increaing
- unmet home care needs
- some difficulty getting family dr
- quality of family doctor
- living in institutions
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Term
| Institutionalization (2001) |
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Definition
- 93% of seniors in private households
- 7% lived in collective dwellings - primary health care insitutions such as nursing homes/hospitals
- proportion of seniors in institution:
- 2% for 65-74
- 32% if over 85 years
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Term
Characteristics contributing to social exclusion among older adults?
(Systemic Factors: Grade B)
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Definition
- overall income improving
- recent immigrant women > low income
- income gap b/w genders: before tax income of women over 5 was 67% of that of men in 2004
- Canada: 219,000 seniors below income cut off (2004); 60% of these were unattached senior women
- unattached person receiving OAS and GIS had income of $12,000 (2004)
- 3% (137,000) seniors eligible for GIS but did not receive in 2003
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Term
| Characteristics Contributing to Social ExclusionAmong Older Adults |
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Definition
- Poverty Rate: for senior fallen: 11.3% in '89 to 5.4 in 2006
- elderly men 3.5%, elderly women 7%
- social policies: Old Age Security & Guaranteed Income Suppl, and high private pensions in '70-80s
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Term
Characteristics Conribuing to Social Exclusion Amon Older Adults
(Systemic factors: Living Conditions: Grade B) |
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Definition
- Housing Problems for renters, aboriginal senior & immigrant senior
- % of senors with housing affordability problems decreased slightly 1996-2001
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Term
| Hamilton Council on Aging reveals: |
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Definition
- need for security in homes
- older building in need of repair
- need for affordable housing
- concern re lowered age limits in housing (drug abuse)
- need low cost help with home maintenance
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Term
Characteristics Contributing to Social Exclusion Among Older Adults
(Systemic factors: living conditions: Transportation) |
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Definition
- % with driving licenses improving for women (52%)
- % of senior households with vehicle improving (women 50%, men 72%, couples 92%
- senior women concerned about safety at night, incl public transp
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Term
Characterisitics Contributing to Social Exclusion Amon Older Adults
(Hamilton Council on Aging) |
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Definition
- problems re Transportation
- limited public transp in some areas
- lack of shelters, places to sit
- DARTS expensive, prob booking
- buses start quickly, not all kneeling buses, riders not give up seats, cost
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Term
Characterisitics Contribuging to Social Exlusion among Oler Adults:
(Hamilton Council on Aging) |
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Definition
- problems in public spaces:
- snow not cleared at bus stops
- poor street lighting
- uneven sidewalks
- buildings without elevators, too small for scoots
- restaurants with no main floor washroom, no space for w/c
- traffic lights too quick to cross safely
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Term
Characteristics Contributing to Social Exclusion Among Older Adults:
(Systemic factors: living conditions: Criminal Victimization) |
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Definition
- stable % of senior victims of violent crime
- feeling of safety generally stable
- seniors as victims of fraud and other forms of elder abuse: data n/a
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Term
Characteristics Contributing To Social Exlusion Among Older Adults
(Systemic factors: participation in Society: Grade B) |
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Definition
- high rates of formal and informal volunteering and charitable gving
- Satisfactory social networks
- more senior in paid labour force
- want more flexibility in work
- need for variety of activities, options, reasonable cost
- other issues: ageism
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Term
| Is Social Exclusion of Older Adults an Issue Among Nursing Students? |
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Definition
- nsg studends have negative, positive, neutral attitudes about working with elderly
- most do not plan to have careers working with older adults
- positive experiences with grandparents, other older adults help shape positive attitudes to older ppl and working with them in nsg career
- positive role models, curriculum experiences may help
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Term
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Definition
- outdoor spaces and buildings
- transportation
- housing
- social participation
- respect and social inclusion
- civic participation and employment
- communication and information
- community support and health services
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Term
What Can Be Done?
(WHO age Friendly Cities/Communities) |
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Definition
- User friendly global age-frienly cities guide
- checklist that can be used to assess cities and improve or monitor aspects of urban life
- offers affordable measures to make cities more age-friendly
- Number of cities in Canada using this model including Hamilton
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Term
What Can Be Done?
(councils on aging in many cities: volunteer, join a board or working group) |
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Definition
- seniors involved in community decision making
- research to current assess issues for seniors
- Advocacy to improve seniors living conditions
- Hamilton: age friendly city, income support project, diversity project
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Term
What Can Be Done?
(Senior/Age Friendly Hosp initiative) |
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Definition
- Seniors: 63% actue inpatient days and 43% provincial health expenditures in Ontario
- Hospitalization is critical point for seniors: rates of adverse events, Sx complications, nosocomial infecations, risk of hosp aquired delirioum, increase lenght of stay, readmission, loss of capacity for independent living
- Framework to guide development of senior friendly hosptials (regional geriatric programs) used by number of hospitals
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Term
What Can Be Done?
(Senior/Age friendly hospitals inititive) |
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Definition
- Processes of care: does care and tx take into account research re physiology and pathology of aging?
- emotional and behavioural environment: does staff interact with respect, support, caring?
- Ethics in clinical care and research: do providers, researchers ensure ethical issues r/t elderly research S's
- Organizational Support: does the oragnization show support for being senior friendly hosp in structures and processes
- physical enviro: is phys enviro sensitive to capacities of elderly patients/visitors?
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Term
What Can Be Done?
as a nurse |
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Definition
- Personal reflection on value and attitudes towards older adults
- further develop knowledge and unstd of social exclusion issues for elderly
- work with elderly on common goals (health care system improve, age friendly comm, hosp)
- political advocacy on issues to improve quality of life of seniors
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Term
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Definition
- failure to provide for needs of a group
- legal or sanctioned mechanisms which isolate or discriminate
- Exclusion from social production & opportunity to participate in social and cultural activities
- affecting multiple dimensions of individual or community interaction
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Term
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Definition
- both process and an outcome
- an expression of unequal relations of power and opportunity among groups in society
- unequal access to economic, social, political and cultural resources
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Term
| Aboriginal Demographics in Canada |
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Definition
1,172,000 Aboriginals in 2006
53% Registered or Status Indians
30% metis
11% non-status indians
4% inuit |
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Term
| More demographics - aboriginal in Canada |
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Definition
48% aboriginals are under 25 years
54% aboriginal ppl live in urban centres
since 1996 > 47% aboriginal increase |
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Term
| Effects of Colonialization |
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Definition
- dislocation from traditional land & lifestyle
- policies of linguistic and cultural separations
- forces assimilation into dominant culture
- industrial processes of degradation of traditional lands
- exploitation of natural resources
- interpersonal and institutional racism
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Term
| Aboriginal - Non-aboriginal relations |
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Definition
- early european contact (15-1600) > exploration & trade
- Fur trade (1600 - 1700s)
- Missionaries - "christionizing"
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Term
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Definition
- First Nations and inuit people have lower life expectations (8 years) than non-aboriginals
- higher infant mortality rates
- four leading causes of death: injury & poisoning, circulating disease, cancer and respiratory disease
- incidence of TB is six times higher
- rising incidence of diabetes (X6 higher)
- obesity rates twice that of non aboriginals
- suidice rates 5-7 X higher
- suicide and self infliceted inj leading cause of death under 44 years
- mental health under reported; depression
- many aboriginal people > racism
- 24% cannot converse in their native lang
- education attainment less
- 14% unemploy vs 7% non-aborig
- for reserves > food security, quality and avail & adequate and suitable housing & water quality and enviro issues
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Term
community health programs
for First Nations and Inuit |
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Definition
- early childhood edu
- immunization
- TB program
- drug, alcohol and substance abuse
- mental health & suicide prevention
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Term
Current circumstances
aboriginals an inuit |
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Definition
- racism, stereotyp, stigmatism
- lack recognition of traditional aboriginal medicine, healing, and spirit practices
- lack acces to culturally oriented health services for aboriginal peoples
- provincial and federal government sharing responsibilities for health service
- general lack of awareness by most canadian
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• a spoiled identity in society
• Exposure to negative attitudes, structural and interpersonal experiences of discrimination or unfair treatment, and violence perpetrated against persons who belong to disadvantaged social groups
• the person is treated in a different way
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Term
|
Definition
- Societal Stigma (social exclusion)
- Self-Stigma (internal stigma)
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Term
• Societal Stigma results from negative labels and stereotypes placed on individuals
- involves _____, _____ and _____
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Definition
____ ____ results from negative labels and stereotypes placed on individuals
- involves attitudes, feelings and behaviour
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Term
|
Definition
- fear (r/t misinformation)
- misconception/misinformation
- perceptions of dangerousness
- attribution of responsibility (if cause own illness)
- lack of contact with people with serious mental illness
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Term
|
Definition
• occurs when the ppl internalize labels placed upon them by the perpetrator
• may be just as damaging as effects of external stigma
• indiv has to deal with symptoms AND readjust their own beliefs about dx |
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Term
| medium correlation b/w peoples exp of well-being and their perceived stigma |
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Definition
ppl were able to observe stigma in everyday life situations.
• this was common for ppl with mental illness |
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Term
stronger negative effect on adjustment and grown than exacerbation of symptoms
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Definition
| just because you perceive stigma doesn't mean that your symptoms are going to get worse, but your quality of life will (get worse) |
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Term
| www.mentalhealthcommision.ca |
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Definition
| • the greatest challenge for those with mental illness was the stigma that they felt (social exclusion) |
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Term
| mental health more than absence of disease |
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Definition
someone can have some mental health while still having some mental illness
• ppl can adjust to their illness despite having a sypmtom (coping with ill) |
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Term
Societal Stigma is also found among health care professionals |
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Definition
| in fact, ____ ____ can sometimes be worse amongst health care professionals |
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Term
| the dangerousness (level of violence) amongst those with schizophrenia |
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Definition
• people with schizophrenia are far more likely to commit suicide than to hurt anyone else
• risk of violence is much higher in other situations |
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