Term
| Why do historians regard the Columbian exchange as one of the most important events in the environmental history of the modern world? |
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Definition
| It explains why the Indian Nations collapsed and European colonies thrived.(Disease) But It also explains the first mixing of plants and other species and organisms on the eastern coast of America. Additionally it was the first time that people had ever been exposed to so many new plants/organisms. |
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Term
| How were Native American ideas about property, liberty, and gender different from those held in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe? |
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Definition
| Property- Weren't strick lines in their opinion Liberty- They followed the rules of their own clan, no central gov. Gender- Men hunted women ran the show at home. |
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Term
| How were Spanish attitudes and policies toward Native Americans different from those held by England and France? How were those attitudes similar? |
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Definition
| Spanish treated the native americans horribly for slave labor in mines ranches and farms. Had to pay taxes as well. The english and especially france treated the indians much fairer. France had may intermarriage due to the valuableness of exotic furs. |
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Term
| What motivations fueled the colonization of the New World by Spain, England, France, and the Dutch |
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Definition
Spain-Gold and converting indians to Catholicism
England- Religious freedom and riches
France-New riches and Northwestern Passage
Dutch-New riches and Northwestern Passage |
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Term
| How did the Protestant Reformation influence the imperial rivalries between European powers and the colonization of the New World? |
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Definition
| New world wanted religious freedom. Europe didn't encourage anything but Catholicism. |
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Term
| What did “liberty” mean for most people in England during the sixteenth century? How did these ideas change by the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688? |
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Definition
| Very little religious freedom. The ideas changed when William III came into power after overthrowing James II. William was a protestant and england in return enjoyed more religious freedoms than they had previously. |
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Term
| Who were the earliest emigrants from England to the New World? Where in North America did they settle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How were the Pilgrims and Puritans’ attitudes toward the Church of England similar? How were they different? |
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Definition
| They both believed that the Church of England was to overbearing. yet the Puritans still had strict laws and beliefs about religion like the church of England had. The pilgrims wanted complete separation from the church because they believed the church had become to corrupt to be saved. |
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Term
| How did the Puritans’ theology influence not only their vision of religion but also of society in general? What did Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, and Salem witch trials reveal about dissent and diversity in Puritan society?? |
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Definition
| They based everything off of their religion. Roger Williams, and Anne Hutchinson both challenged the Puritan way. Anne Hutchinson was the daughter of a preacher and new the bible very well and argued that the Puritans were not upholding God's true intentions. |
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Term
| How was indentured servitude similar to slavery? How was it different? |
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Definition
| Years of manual labor, crappy conditions, didn't survive in a lot of cases. It was different that there were set times for indentured servants and many times the servants were promised land, whereas slaves were used until they died. |
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Term
| What were the causes and consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion? |
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Definition
| Virginia Gov. William Berkeley had not retaliated for a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Additionally, the Indentured servants wern't receiving the land they were promised due to the relations with Indians that were established by Berkeley. In return 1000 Virginias (former indentured servants) rose and ran Berkeley from the town and led to the colonists adopting slavery as the primary source for labor. |
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Term
| How did mercantilism shape the development of Britain’s colonies in North America? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was a “society with slaves”? How was it different from a “slave society”? How did the former labor system give way to the latter? |
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Definition
| -Society with slaves meant America with Indentured and African Slaves.This was one form of labor among many -A slave society revolved around the usage of slaves as the main labor force. -Indentured slaves became free and were looking for cheap labor. |
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Term
| What kind(s) of unrest developed in the North American colonies in the wake of England’s “Glorious Revolution”? |
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Definition
| Uprisings in NY and upthrow of MA. 1688-1691 |
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Term
| Compare and contrast slavery in the Chesapeake, the Carolinas, and northern colonies. |
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Definition
Chesapeake- initially slavery and indentured slaves were equals at the time but changed in time as the slaves began to lose the equality that was once established.
Carolinas- needed for all the "Cash Crop" to be harvested and indentured servants began to wear thin therefore resulting in the importation of slaves. Gang Labor, tabacco harvesting, harsher cond. few slaves working in greater dexterity among the fields.
Northern Colonies- Task labor, many slaves, less harsh conditions on day to day basis, less phy. interaction between slaves and owner |
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Term
| What were republicanism and liberalism, and how did they influence colonists’ ideas about liberty? |
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Definition
Republicanism = governing a nation where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity, often through elections.
Liberalism= is a broad political ideology or worldview founded on the ideas of liberty and equality. |
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Term
| How did the French and Indian War affect the imperial rivalry between European powers in North America? |
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Definition
| England became the most powerful nation in the world and the mercantile system was revamped. Also as a result of the war America expanded it boundaries ever farther and ruined the mercantile system. Established Britain as main power. |
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Term
| How did the French and Indian War help to set the stage for the crisis that gave way to the American Revolution? |
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Definition
| It got rid of the French as a threat to the Colonists, and because England defeated the French it left the Colonists free to expand and prosper even more. |
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Term
| What were the major Native American uprisings in the history of colonial America? How were they similar? How were they different? |
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Definition
There was Pueblo's Revolt in which the Pueblo Indians killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining settlers out of the province. The French and Indian War was also an example of the Indians taking up arms with the French to fight the invading English.
King Phillips War,(one of the few pan-indian) uprisings that the Natives attacked the colonists |
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Term
| How was the Stamp Act an important departure in British colonial policy? |
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Definition
| They imposed a direct tax on the colonists that met great resistance in the colonies. The colonists had no representatives in parliament and therefore had no influence over what taxes were raised for. Led to many believing England was violating their rights as Englishmen. |
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Term
| How did the Declaration of Independence change American ideas about liberty? |
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Definition
| There is a change in attitude as Americans began to realize that all men are created equaled and that they have certain unalienable rights, such as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Additionally it limited gov. power which the colonists were equally afraid of. |
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Term
| What factors made a victory by the American colonists in their War for Independence unlikely? What factors helped to make that victory a reality? |
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Definition
England was a super power, and had demolished all that stood before them. They were 1/3 the size of Britain. More modern weapons. Better fed.
- The Americans were fighting for their lives, and their freedom. They were cornered and resented any British control over their lives. They also were on their home turf, didn't have to travel thousands of miles to get to objectives. They had some military experience from the "7 year war". Very expensive for England (taxes on their own people). Time. |
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Term
| ESSAY-How did race come to shape colonial ideas about freedom and slavery during the seventeenth and eighteenth century? |
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Definition
| As indentured slaves became more scarce, and slavery more prevalent, there was a growing gap of equality and what it stood for. Whites continued to retain positions of power giving them a sense of superiority over other races such as the Native Americans, and the African Slaves. |
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Term
| ESSAY-2. William Penn envisioned his colony as a kind of “holy experiment.” How was Pennsylvania different from other the colonies of British North America? How was Pennsylvania similar? Be sure to consider colonial attitudes toward liberty, religion, and Native Americans. |
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Definition
| Pennsylvania was different from the other colonies because it allowed much more religious freedom to many more groups (but not all). It also protected it's citizens from religious persecution. Penn. was similar because it still practiced that Christianity and Catholicism were the only religions that were protected. Penn. was a place under William Penn that embraced equality for all people (including Africans, Indians, and women). Religious toleration |
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Term
| ESSAY-In what ways had the British colonies become more democratic by end of the American Revolution? In what ways were the British colonies still undemocratic? |
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Definition
-More religious freedom and protected freedom of speech etc. written a constitution protecting citizens and creating compromises that replaced the weaker first attempt of the Articles of Confederation. The bill of rights protected citizens "natural rights".
-Still held onto slavery; wasn't abolished till 13th amendment taking effect in 1865. Women rights didn't come into play until the 19th amendment year 1919. |
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Term
| What are three consequences of the 7 year war? |
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Definition
1. Creates a sense of common (British) identity
2. Effort by Britain
A) Consolidate empire
B) Make colonists share in empire (costs)
3) Colonists fear their liberties threatened. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on kinship with the mother or the female line. |
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Term
| Who was Bartolome de las Casas |
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Definition
| Spanish historian who wrote about the horrors of Indian slavery and proposed the idea of African slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parliament imposes a direct tax on the colonists. Requires any printed good to have a bought stamp placed upon the product. First time the colonists have become united on an issue. |
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Term
| What do "natural liberties" |
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Definition
| Liberties given to you by God. Stated in the constitution stating all men are created equal with unalienable rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favoring maximum individual liberty in political and social reform |
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Term
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Definition
| 16th century (1517) reformation of the Catholic Church in an attempt to save the church. strongly against the teachings of sales of indulgence and abusing such products. |
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Term
| Proclamation line of 1763 |
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Definition
| by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. |
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Term
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Definition
| frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. They are widely known for murdering 20 Susquehannock in events collectively called the Conestoga Massacre. |
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Term
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Definition
| was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he became one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.[2] His ideas reflected Enlightenment era rhetoric of transnational human rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as George Whitfield, was an English Anglican priest who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain, and especially in the British North American colonies. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement generally. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a philosophy which holds that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of a creator. |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The divine foreordaining of all that will happen, esp. with regard to the salvation of some and not others. |
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Term
| What is the significance of Jamestown? |
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Definition
| Was a settlement in the Colony of Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. 1607 |
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Term
| Who is John Peter Zenger? |
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Definition
| (1697) was a German-American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. He was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence that determined that truth was a defense against charges of libel and "laid the foundation for American press freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| Served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was a Puritan woman, spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638 |
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Term
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Definition
| Was an English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state |
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Term
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Definition
| was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies. |
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Term
| What was the great migration? |
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Definition
| The Puritan migration to New England was marked in its effects in the two decades from 1620 to 1640 |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorer and admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, it is the oldest continuously occupied European-established city and port in the continental United States. |
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Term
| What is the House of Burgesses? |
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Definition
| Was the first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants. Its first meeting was held in Jamestown, Virginia, on July 30, 1619. |
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Term
| What were the salem witch trials? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Stono rebellion? |
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Definition
| 1739 was a slave rebellion in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution. |
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