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| Bronze Age (historical period) |
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| Archaic Greece (historical period) |
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| Homeric poems written down |
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| 750-725 BCE Iliad and Odyssey take their final written form after centuries of development as oral literature |
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| Classical Greece (historical period) |
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| 490-479 BCE Greeks vs. Persians |
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| 431-404 BCE Athens vs. Sparta |
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| 338 BCE Macedonians triumph over independent Greek city-states |
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| Death of Alexander the Great |
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| 323 BCE Also: End of classical Greece / Beginning of Hellenistic period |
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| 323-31 BCE Conventionally dated from the death of Alexander to the victory of Augustus at Actium |
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| Founding of Rome (traditional date) |
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| Roman Republic (historical period) |
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| Assassination of Julius Caesar |
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| Roman Empire (historical period) |
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| 31 BCE-476 CE Strictly the latter date refers only the end of the Roman empire in the west |
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| 31 BCE Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeats Mark Antony and gains sole power |
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| Reign of Augustus (first Roman emperor) |
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| 33 (30-36) CE Precise date uncertain |
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| 312 CE Also: Conventional date of Emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity |
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| 325 CE First ecumenical council of Christian Church |
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| Fall of Roman Empire (traditional date) |
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| 476 CE Deposition of Romulus Augustulus, the last (western) Roman emperor |
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| Early Middle Ages (historical period) |
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| St. Benedict founds monastery of Monte Cassino |
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| 530 CE Origins of the Benedictines, most important monastic order in western history |
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| 622 CE The prophet Muhammad emigrates from Mecca to Medina |
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| Coronation of Charlemagne |
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| 800 CE King of the Franks crowned "emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III |
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| High Middle Ages (historical period) |
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| 1000-1250 CE Also known as the "Central Middle Ages" |
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| 1075-1122 CE Showdown between the papacy and Holy Roman Emperors |
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| 1096-1099 CE The one that successfully recaptured Jerusalem in 1099 |
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| Death of St. Francis of Assisi |
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| Later Middle Ages (historical period) |
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| 1250-1500 CE Note substantial overlap with the period of the Renaissance |
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| 1337-1453 CE France vs. England |
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| 1348-1350 CE Pandemic, bubonic plague, peaked 1348–1350 |
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| Turkish conquest of Constantinople |
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| 1453 CE Also: End of Byzantium, the eastern Roman Empire |
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| 1450 CE Also: Gutenberg's printing press |
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| Martin Luther's 95 theses |
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| 1517 CE Also: Beginning of Protestant Reformation |
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| Magellan's crew circumnavigates the globe |
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| Copernicus and heliocentrism |
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| 1543 CE Publication of The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (book) |
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| 1545-1563 CE Major council of Catholic Counter-Reformation |
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| 1618-1648 CE Virtually all the great powers of Europe |
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| 1648 CE Series of treaties ending the Thirty Years War |
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