Term
Which plasmid are the exotoxins for Bacillus anthracis encoded on? Name these 3 exotoxins. |
|
Definition
-plasmid pX01 -edema factor EF -protective antigen PA -lethal factor LF |
|
|
Term
Name an atibiotic used to treat anthrax |
|
Definition
-penicillin -doxycyline -ciprofloxacin -levofloxacin |
|
|
Term
true or false?
Bacillus cereus is motile and resistant to penicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name and describe the two enterotoxins responsible for food poisoning associated with bacillus cereus |
|
Definition
Heat labile: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, lasts 12-24 hours Heat stabile: SEVERE nausea and vomitting, short incubation |
|
|
Term
Are Clostridium bacteria aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the diseases/clinical presentations of a Clostridium spp. infection |
|
Definition
-botulism -tetanus -gas gangrene -pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Term
Why does Clostridium botulinum cause food poisoning from a lethal neurotoxin (what does the neurotoxin do?) |
|
Definition
Neurotoxin blocks Ach release in the autonomic nervous system which causes flaccid muscle paralysis |
|
|
Term
How do you treat adult botulism? |
|
Definition
-antitoxin -respiratory support |
|
|
Term
What is a known cause of adult botulism? |
|
Definition
-smoked fish -improperly canning vegetables |
|
|
Term
What is a known cause of infant botulism? |
|
Definition
-honey contaminated with spores |
|
|
Term
What are the clinical presentations of a 19 month old with botulism? |
|
Definition
2-3 days of constipation,trouble swallowing, and muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
How does Clostridium tetani infect a human? |
|
Definition
-rusty nail puncture wound -skin trauma |
|
|
Term
What is the exotoxin made by Clostridium tetani and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
-tetanosporin causes: sustained contraction of skeletal muscles, severe muscle spasms, lock jaw, an risus sardonicus |
|
|
Term
What does Clostridium perfringens cause and what are the 2 classes of infection associated with this? |
|
Definition
-gas gangrene 1) wound infection/cellulitis 2)clostridial myonecrosis |
|
|
Term
What does Clostridium difficile cause? |
|
Definition
-antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Term
Which exotoxins are released by Clostridium difficile and what do they cause? |
|
Definition
Toxin A: diarrhoea Toxin B: cytotoxic to colon cells |
|
|
Term
What is the treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis? |
|
Definition
-discontinue current antibiotic regimen -administer metronizadole or vancymycin BY MOUTH |
|
|
Term
Name 2 non-spore forming rods |
|
Definition
-Listeria monocytogenes -Corynebacterium diptheriae |
|
|
Term
Where is Listeria monocytogenes found? |
|
Definition
-soft cheeses -pate -cold cuts -unpasteurized milk |
|
|
Term
True or false? Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular aerobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which Gram-positive bacilli crosses the 3 protective barriers (blood-brain, GI, feto-placental) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antibiotics are used to treat Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
|
|
Term
The exotoxin of which microorganism causes damage to heart and neural cells? |
|
Definition
Corynebacterium diptheriae |
|
|
Term
How to you treat diptheriae? |
|
Definition
1)antitoxin 2)penicillin or erythromycin 3)DPT vaccine |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 major groups of Enterics? |
|
Definition
-Enterobacteriaceae -Vibronaceae -Pseudomonadaceae -Bacterioidacaea |
|
|
Term
Which media are used to discriminate bacteria that ferment lactose and which colour are lactose fermenters on these media? Also, do they inhibit Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
EMB Media: -lactose fermenters are dark purple/black. Inhibits Gram-positive bacteria
MacConkey Media: -lactose fermenters are pink-purple -Inhibits Gram-positive bacteria |
|
|
Term
What are 4 ways to biochemically classify Enterics? |
|
Definition
-H2S production -Hydrolysis of urea -liquiefy gelatin -decarboxylation of amino acids |
|
|
Term
What family does Salmonellae belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is Salmonella able to ferment lactose? (What colour would it be on MacConkey agar?) |
|
Definition
-unable to ferment lactose -beige |
|
|
Term
Which serovars of Salmonella enterica cause Enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which serovars or Salmonella enterica cause Enteric Fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List some common symptoms of Enterocolitis |
|
Definition
-nausea -vomiting -profuse diarrhoea -abdominal pain -fever -chills -headache -myalgia |
|
|
Term
How does someone get Enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
Ingestion of food (pultry, meat, eggs, milk)contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or typhimurium |
|
|
Term
How is Enterocolitis spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why are antibiotics not recommended for Enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
antibiotics makes it take longer for the bacteria to exit your system and does not lessen the time of the illness |
|
|
Term
How long do chronic carriers of Enteric Fever excrete bacteria? Convalescent carriers? |
|
Definition
chronic: 6 months to lifelong convalescent: 3 months |
|
|
Term
How is Enteric Fever diagnosed? |
|
Definition
isolation of bacteria from blood (1st week) and stool and urine (2nd and 3rd week) |
|
|
Term
What colour would Escherichia coli be on MacConkey agar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which microorganism causes Hamburger disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antibiotics are used to treat Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
|
|
Term
The exotoxin of which microorganism causes damage to heart and neural cells? |
|
Definition
Corynebacterium diptheriae |
|
|
Term
List some common symptoms of Enterocolitis |
|
Definition
-nausea -vomiting -profuse diarrhoea -abdominal pain -fever -chills -headache -myalgia |
|
|
Term
How does someone get Enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
Ingestion of food (pultry, meat, eggs, milk)contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or typhimurium |
|
|
Term
How is Enterocolitis spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why are antibiotics not recommended for Enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
antibiotics makes it take longer for the bacteria to exit your system and does not lessen the time of the illness |
|
|
Term
How long do chronic carriers of Enteric Fever excrete bacteria? Convalescent carriers? |
|
Definition
chronic: 6 months to lifelong convalescent: 3 months |
|
|
Term
How is Enteric Fever diagnosed? |
|
Definition
isolation of bacteria from blood (1st week) and stool and urine (2nd and 3rd week) |
|
|
Term
What colour would Escherichia coli be on MacConkey agar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which microorganism causes Hamburger disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Shigellae cause? |
|
Definition
acute diarrhoea with mucous, pus, and blood |
|
|
Term
Is there a vaccine for Shigellae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What percent of people does a dose of 10^5 of Shigella infect? A dose of 10^9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Vibrio cholerae cause? |
|
Definition
cholera: acute GI illness |
|
|
Term
How does the enterotoxin for Vibrio cholerae work? |
|
Definition
-enterotoxin binds cells in small intesting -cells secrete chlorides -this decreases Na+ absorption -water accumulates in gut = watery diarrhoea -can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated |
|
|
Term
Campylobacter is part of the normal flora in who/what? |
|
Definition
birds and domestic animals |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is a major cause of human enteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do you treat a Pseudomonas infection? |
|
Definition
Treatment is difficult because all Pseudomonas spp. are resistant to many antibiotics |
|
|
Term
What are the similarities between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia? |
|
Definition
-respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis -opportunistic pathogen -Gram-negative rods |
|
|
Term
Name a common contaminant (micro-organism) of saline solutions and water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is part of the normal nasopharyngeal flora of adults and children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can Haemophilus influenzae cause increased bronchial inflammation in patents that already have chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false? There is currently no vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae in Canada. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism causes nosocomial infections and was linked to infant illness from powdered formula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of which stomach illness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which treatment is reccomended for a Helicobacter pylori infection? |
|
Definition
Triple therapy treatment: antibitocs and proton pump inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 virulence factors for Bordetella pertussis? |
|
Definition
-Pertussis toxin -Extra cytoplasmic adenylase cyclase -Filamentous hemagglutinin -Tracheal cytotoxin |
|
|
Term
Where is Legionella pneumophila found? |
|
Definition
-water -shower heads -water tanks -air cooling/heating tanks |
|
|
Term
Is the exposure of Legionella pneumophila by person-to-person transmission, aerosol, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 4 steps of the Ziehl-Neelsen technique? |
|
Definition
1) Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuschsin to the slide for 5 minutes while applying heat 2) Follow with a gentle wash with water to cool the slide 3)Acid alcohol is now added to decolorize the slide 4) Wash the slide in water again and counterstain with methylene blue for 12 minutes |
|
|
Term
What does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause? |
|
Definition
Chronic, slow-progressing pulmonary infection (tuberculosis) |
|
|
Term
How long does it take to see M. tuberculosis colonies on a plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which medium is used to grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false? Clostridium perfringens is the leading cause of death world-wide from a single infection? |
|
Definition
False. Mycobacterium tuberculosis holds this record. |
|
|
Term
Discuss the stages of Primary Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
1)Aerosol inhalation 2)Bacteria multiply in alveoli 3)Macrophage ingestion of bacilli and formation of primary complex 4)Foci of infection in lungs (may be spread to kidneys, bones, and meninges) ~~~~~6 weeks later~~~~~~~ 5) CMI is fully active, infection has stopped (majority of cases) 6) Some bacilli survive, reactivation several months to years later.
***Steps 5) and 6) are where you would get a positive tuberculin test! |
|
|
Term
Describe the Mantoux test for TB. |
|
Definition
Tuberculin solution is injected INTRADERMALLY. Wait 48-72 hours, check for induration. Record diameter of induration. >10mm positive 5-9mm doubtful, <4mm negative |
|
|
Term
True or false? M. marinum and M. fortuitum are indistinguishable from TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two types of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae? |
|
Definition
-Tuberculoid leprosy -Lepromatous leprosy |
|
|
Term
Discuss Tuberculoid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy. |
|
Definition
TL: visible nerve enlargement, few erythromatous plaques, few bacilli in infected tissues, many lymphocytes and granulomas, low infectivity
LL: no visible nerve enlargement, many erythromatous nodules, many bacilli in infected tissue, high infectivity |
|
|
Term
What does Treponema pallidum cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is Treponema pallidum unculturable in vitro or in vivo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Since Treponema pallidum is almost invisible under the Gram stain, the Geimsa stain, and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, what can you use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Discuss the stages of Syphilis |
|
Definition
Primary Syphilis: -Appearance of chancre 3-4 weeks after infection -Fluid from lesion contains bacteria seen under dark field microscopy
Secondary Syphilis: -6 weeks after appearance of chancre -generalized local rash -mucosal lesions with many treponemes
*Spontaneous remission may occur after primary OR secondary phase
Latent Syphilis: -no symptoms of infection -non-transmittable after 4 years -congenital infection may occur
Late Syphilis: -obliterative endarteritis -can involve skin, mucosae, nervous system, cardiovascular system and tissues |
|
|
Term
Since latent Syphilis is non-transmittable after 4 years, can it still cause a congenital infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Discuss the Non-treponemal (VDRL, RPR, Wassermann) tests for Treponema pallidum |
|
Definition
-Non-specific: uses cardiolipin as antigen -screening -positive in early stages |
|
|
Term
Discuss the treponemal tests for Treponema pallidum |
|
Definition
-Specific: uses treponemal extracts -FTA-ABS: Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption -MHA-TP: Microhemagglutination of T. pallidum -used to confirm positive VDRL |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism causes Lyme disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which parts of the body does Borrelia burgdorferi affect? |
|
Definition
-skin -joints -nervous system -heart |
|
|
Term
Is Borrelia burgdorferi common in Canada and rare in the USA or rare in Canada and common in the USA? |
|
Definition
-common in US and rare in Canada |
|
|
Term
Name an antibiotic used to treat Lyme disease |
|
Definition
-doxycyline -amoxicilin -cefuroxime |
|
|
Term
Can Chlamydiae make their own ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can Clamydiae grow on artificial media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Chlamydiae cause in males and in females? |
|
Definition
males: urethritis females: cervicitis |
|
|
Term
John Johnson is infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and does not get treated because he is asymptomatic and does not know he is infected. What can happen to him now (complications) ? |
|
Definition
-prostatitis -epididymitis |
|
|
Term
Jessica Jessmeister presents with chronic pelvic pain, PID, and tubal infertility after having an ectopic pregnancy last year. She is likely suffering complications from an untreated STD caused by which micro-organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is responsible for being the leading cause of blindness in the Middle East, North Africa and South East Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Chlamydia pneumoniae cause? |
|
Definition
-sub-clinical infections -respiratory tract infections -mild pneumonia |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is a bird pathogen that can be transmitted to humans and causes Pneumonia or Endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are Mycoplasma or Mycobacterium the smallest free-living bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is it true that Mycoplasma lack a true cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is the primary cause of atypical pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are Genital Mycoplasma (M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum) part of normal genital flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the levels (depth) of infection by fungal pathogens |
|
Definition
-Superficial -Cutaneous -Subcutaneous -Systemic |
|
|
Term
What are Dimorphic fungi? |
|
Definition
Fungi that grow as either yeast or mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Threadlike, branching tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end |
|
|
Term
What are Molds (mycelia)? |
|
Definition
Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined and branching hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fungi that live and use organic matter such as soil, rotten vegetation as their energy source |
|
|
Term
Michael Michaelson presents with tinea nigra (black coloured painless patches on soles of hands and feet) and is found to have a superficial infection caused by Exophiala werneckii. How can he treat this? |
|
Definition
By spreading dandruff shampoo containing selenium sulfide over skin |
|
|
Term
Cutaneous fungal dermatophytoses secrete the enzyme keratinase. What does this cause for the infected person? |
|
Definition
-scaly skin -loss of hair -crumbling of nails
*keratinase digests keratin |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organisms cause subcutaneous fungal infections that cause chromoblastomycosis? |
|
Definition
-Phialophora -Cladosporium |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is an occupational hazard to gardeners because it causes subcutaneous fungal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name 3 fungi that cause systemic disease in humans |
|
Definition
-Histoplasma capsulatum -Blastomycces dermatitidis -Coccidioides immitis |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism causes fungal infection in AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite worldwide? |
|
Definition
Giardia lamblia (protozoan) |
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of acute giardiasis? |
|
Definition
-diarrhoea -weight loss -abdominal discomfort -nausea -vomiting |
|
|
Term
True or false? Cysts formed by Giardia lamblia are broken apart in the colon and not excreted. |
|
Definition
False! The cysts are shed with faeces. |
|
|
Term
How would you identify Giardia lamblia in a stool sample (what technology would you use)? |
|
Definition
bright-field microscopy or immunofluorecene microscopy |
|
|
Term
What is possibly the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide (200 million cases)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted? |
|
Definition
-faecal-oral route (person-to-person) -contaminated water -raw produce -flies |
|
|
Term
True or false? Entameoba histolytica may spead to the blood to produce liver, lung, or brain abcesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name some ways to control Entamoeba histolytica infections. |
|
Definition
-public health education -improved sanitation and water treatment -wash fruits and vegetables |
|
|
Term
Are Genital Mycoplasma (M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum) part of normal genital flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the levels (depth) of infection by fungal pathogens |
|
Definition
-Superficial -Cutaneous -Subcutaneous -Systemic |
|
|
Term
What are Dimorphic fungi? |
|
Definition
Fungi that grow as either yeast or mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Threadlike, branching tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end |
|
|
Term
What are Molds (mycelia)? |
|
Definition
Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined and branching hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fungi that live and use organic matter such as soil, rotten vegetation as their energy source |
|
|
Term
Michael Michaelson presents with tinea nigra (black coloured painless patches on soles of hands and feet) and is found to have a superficial infection caused by Exophiala werneckii. How can he treat this? |
|
Definition
By spreading dandruff shampoo containing selenium sulfide over skin |
|
|
Term
Cutaneous fungal dermatophytoses secrete the enzyme keratinase. What does this cause for the infected person? |
|
Definition
-scaly skin -loss of hair -crumbling of nails
*keratinase digests keratin |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organisms cause subcutaneous fungal infections that cause chromoblastomycosis? |
|
Definition
-Phialophora -Cladosporium |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism is an occupational hazard to gardeners because it causes subcutaneous fungal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name 3 fungi that cause systemic disease in humans |
|
Definition
-Histoplasma capsulatum -Blastomycces dermatitidis -Coccidioides immitis |
|
|
Term
Which micro-organism causes fungal infection in AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite worldwide? |
|
Definition
Giardia lamblia (protozoan) |
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of acute giardiasis? |
|
Definition
-diarrhoea -weight loss -abdominal discomfort -nausea -vomiting |
|
|
Term
True or false? Cysts formed by Giardia lamblia are broken apart in the colon and not excreted. |
|
Definition
False! The cysts are shed with faeces. |
|
|
Term
How would you identify Giardia lamblia in a stool sample (what technology would you use)? |
|
Definition
bright-field microscopy or immunofluorecene microscopy |
|
|
Term
What is possibly the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide (200 million cases)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted? |
|
Definition
-faecal-oral route (person-to-person) -contaminated water -raw produce -flies |
|
|
Term
True or false? Entameoba histolytica may spead to the blood to produce liver, lung, or brain abcesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name some ways to control Entamoeba histolytica infections. |
|
Definition
-public health education -improved sanitation and water treatment -wash fruits and vegetables |
|
|
Term
Cats are the only definitive host of which parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which parasite causes encephalitis, myocarditis, and pneumonia in an immunocompromised host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Malaria transmitted? |
|
Definition
-Anopheline mosquitos -blood transfusion/shared needles -congenital infection -"airport malaria" |
|
|
Term
What are SEVERE symptoms of Malaria? |
|
Definition
-seizures -coma -renal failure -respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
Is drug resistance a serious or mild problem with Malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common symptom of Cryptosporidium spp.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which parasite causes chronic, debilitating, and potentially life threatening symptoms in the immunocompromised? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false? Drug treatment is available for Cryptosporidium spp.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is Cryptosporidium an arthropod, protozoan, or helminth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the body does Cryptosporidium infect? |
|
Definition
typically the intestinal epithelial cells of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
What is the numerically most important mode of transmission for Cryptosporidium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-person-to-person -autoinfection -zoonotic |
|
|
Term
Cattle serve as an important reservoir host for which parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false? Exposure to temperatures above 40 degrees C and below 0 degrees celcius will kill the oocysts of C. parvum? |
|
Definition
False! above 60 and below -20 |
|
|
Term
The infection caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, cyclosporiasis, is effectively treated with which antibiotic? |
|
Definition
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bactrim) |
|
|
Term
Pinworms (Enterobius vermeicularis) affect up to what percent of school-aged children in North America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false? Enterobius vermicularis is more of a nuisance than a health problem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Scotch-tape test of the perianal area can diagnose which parasitic infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which parasite fits this description: small roundworm found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, including humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Trichinella spp. transmitted? |
|
Definition
Through ingestion of larvae in raw or poorly cooked meat |
|
|
Term
Matching: __A domestic form __B wild form __C bears,humans, walrus __D humans, horses, swine
1)Trichinella spiralis 2)Trichinella nativa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name a very large intestinal nematode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common human helminth infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed? |
|
Definition
stool examination for the presence of eggs |
|
|
Term
Most cases of which parasite arise from home-prepared sushi, sashimi, and ceviche? |
|
Definition
Anisakiasis simplex (aka whale worm or herring worm) |
|
|
Term
What are the definitive hosts of Anisakiasis simplex? |
|
Definition
-dolphins -whales -porpoises |
|
|
Term
Since drug treatment is not effective and symptoms are often mistaken for appendicitis, diagnosis is difficult and exploratory surgery may be required thanks to which parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which tapeworm is 10 meters long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Diphyllobotrium spp. transmitted? |
|
Definition
Through the consumption of raw or poorly cooked freshwater fish containing infective larvae |
|
|
Term
Which tapeworms can grow up to 20 meters in length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taenia saginata, Taenia solium. Which is a beef tapeworm and which is a pork tapeworm? |
|
Definition
saginata is beef solium is pork |
|
|
Term
Which tapeworm causes neurocysticercosis (intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, convulsive seizures)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood flukes. They are free-swimming larvae in fresh water that penetrate skin and develop in blood vessels surrounding intestine or bladder |
|
|