Term
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Definition
o Theorist:
§ Howard Gardner
o Definition:
§ There are a number of distinct forms of intelligence that each individual possesses in varying degrees
o Tenets:
§ Individuals should be encouraged to use their preferred intelligences in learning
§ Instructional activities should appeal to different forms of intelligences
§ Assessment of learning should measure multiple forms of intelligence
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Term
Informational processing theory |
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Definition
o Theorist
§ George A Miller
o Definition
§ A general theory of human cognition, the culmination of two theories;
· “Chunking theory” suggests that people are only capable of memorizing up to about 7 chunks of information at a time.
· TOTE (Test-Operate-Test Exit) A goal is tested see if it has been achieved and if not an operation is performed to achieve the goal. This cycle of test-operate is repeated until the goal is either achieved or abandoned
o Tenets:
§ Short term memory (attention span) is limited to 7 chunks of information
§ Planning (in the form of TOTE units) is a fundamental cognition process
§ Behavior is hierarchically organized |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Roger Schank
o Definition
§ Events are remembered like scripts, plans and other knowledge structures and relevant experience
o Tenets
§ Conceptualization is defined as an act or doing something to an object in a direction
§ All conceptualizations can be analyzed in terms of a small number of primitive acts
§ All memory is episodic and organized in terms of scripts
§ Scripts allow individuals to make inferences and hence understand verbal and written discourse
§ Higher level expectations are created by goals and plans |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Jean Lave
o Definitions
§ Learning is a function of the activity, context and culture in which it occurs
o Tenets
§ Knowledge needs to be presented in an authentic context
§ Learning requires social interaction and collaboration |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Albert Bandura
o Definition
§ Importance on observation and modeling of behaviors, attitudes and emotions of others
o Tenets
§ Higher level of observable learning is achieved be organizing and rehearsing the modeled behavior symbolically and then enacting it overtly. Coding modeled behavior into words, labels or images results in better retention
§ Individuals are more likely to adopt modeled behavior if:
· It results in valued outcomes
· Similar to the observer and has admired status and the behavior has functional values |
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Term
Experiential Learning theory |
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Carl Rogers
o Definition
§ Distinguished in 2 different types of learning
· Cognitive- academic knowledge
· Experiential- addresses the needs and wants of the learner
o Tenets
§ Personal involvement
§ Self-initiated
§ Evaluated by learners
§ Pervasive effects on learners
§ Est. a positive environment
§ Clarify the purpose for learning
§ Organization and making learning resources available
§ Balancing intelligence and emotional components
§ Sharing feeling and thoughts with learners but not dominating |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ B. Weiner
o Definition
§ How people interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior
o Tenets
§ 3 stage process
· Behavior is:
o observed
o determined to be deliberate
o attributed to internal or external causes |
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Term
Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Leon Festinger
o Definition
§ Assumes that people seek congruence between their thoughts and behaviors when there is not, we seek to fix it
o Tenets
§ Dissonance
· results when an individual must choose between attitudes and behaviors that are contradictory
· can be eliminated by decreasing the importance of conflicting ideas, adopting new beliefs or removing conflicting attitudes and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Jerome Bruner
o Definition
§ Learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their knowledge
o Tenets
§ Instruction must/should
· concern the context that a student wants to learn
· be easy to understand
· be designed to fill in any gaps in understanding |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Malcolm Knowles
o Definition
§ A theory develop specifically for adult learning
o Tenets
§ Adults need to know why they need to learn something
§ Adults need to learn experientially
§ Adults approach learning as problem solving
§ Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ F. Marton & N. Entwistle
o Definition
§ Focuses on the experiences of learning from students perspectives based on phenomenological approach to research
o Tenets
§ Researchers should understand a phenomena by examining the student’s experience
§ Research learning needs to be conducted in a naturalistic setting involving the actual content and setting people learn with |
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Term
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Definition
o Theorist
§ Kathryn Patricia Cross
o Definition
§ Consists of two classes of variables
· Personal characteristics
· Situational characteristics
o Tenets
§ capitalize on the experiences of the learner
§ adapt to aging limitations of learner
§ challenge to move to more advanced stages of personal development
§ have as many choices as possible in the availability and organization of learning progress |
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