Term
| What are the purine nitrogen bases |
|
Definition
The purine bases are: adenine and guanine |
|
|
Term
| What are the pyrimidine nitrogen bases |
|
Definition
The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are: cytosine and thymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is most likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cell? |
|
Definition
| | | Remember skin cells (somatic) affect only the person NOT the person's offspring. |
|
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of DNA? |
|
Definition
| The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| X-ray evidence was used to discover that the shape of DNA was a ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The information that directs replication, transcription and translation is found in DNA’s ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Chargaff’s Rule and how was it important for determining DNA’s structure? |
|
Definition
| The Base pairing in DNA was determined from Chargaff’s Rule which showed, the percentage of pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines resulting in the following base pairing rules A binds with T; C binds with G |
|
|
Term
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest in size? Nucleus, DNA, Chromosome, nucleotide, cell |
|
Definition
The Order: Cell, Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, nucleotide |
|
|
Term
[image] This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which six nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them. Which series of bases will complete the strand of DNA? |
|
Definition
[image] The repair sequence is GTAGGC. DNA repair and replication uses DNA base pair rules G-C, T-A |
|
|
Term
Applicants for the following job of the Help Wanted ad in the could qualify if they were_______. Positions Available in the genetics industry. Hundreds of entry-level openings for tireless workers. No previous experience necessary. Must be able to transcribe code in a nuclear environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Applicants for the job of the Help Wanted ad "Accuracy and Speed vital," could qualify if they were ___________. Accuracy and Speed vital for this job in the field of translation. Applicants must demonstrate skills in transporting and positioning amino acids. Salary commensurate with experience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Applicants for the job in the Help Wanted ad "Executive Position," could qualify if they were __________. Executive Position available. Must be able to maintain genetic continuity through replication and control cellular activity by regulation of enzyme production. Limited number of openings. All benefits. |
|
Definition
DNA - the genetic material that replicates and is passed along when a cell divides. DNA controls the production of enzymes and other proteins. |
|
|
Term
Applicants for the job in the Help Wanted ad Supervisor," could qualify if they were _________________. Supervisor of production of proteins—all shifts. Must be able to follow exact directions from double-stranded template. Travel from nucleus to the cytoplasm is additional job benefit. |
|
Definition
mRNA - which is formed from the template strand of DNA, and it carries the “code” from the nucleus to the ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mRNA sequence for a strand of DNA reading CACGTAC? |
|
Definition
What is the mRNA sequence for a strand of DNA reading CACGTAC? GUGCAUG - mRNA sequence Remember when making RNA use RNA rules A-U, G-C |
|
|
Term
| Using DNA sequencing, you discover that a bacterium has experienced a deletion mutation that removed three nucleotides. The bacterium appears completely unaffected in all its functions. Where is the mostly likely location for the mutation? |
|
Definition
| Introns, or intervening sequences, which get processed out of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus, so removal of an intron would probably have little effect on bacterial functions such as enzyme synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following enzyme: DNA helicase |
|
Definition
| DNA helicase – enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix |
|
|
Term
Describe the following enzyme: DNA ligase |
|
Definition
| DNA ligase – enzyme that binds Okasaki fragments together |
|
|
Term
Describe the following enzyme: DNA Polymerase |
|
Definition
DNA polymerase – enzyme that catalyzes the addition of DNA nucleotides to make replicates adding to the 3’ end of new strand. DNA polymerase is used for replicating both parent strands: the lagging and leading strands |
|
|
Term
Describe the following enzyme: RNA Primase |
|
Definition
RNA primase – enzyme that adds short pieces of RNA (RNA Primer) to each strand of DNA to help keep the helix open and to as a starter piece with a 3’ end. |
|
|
Term
Under certain conditions RNA can perform additional functions which include? |
|
Definition
Under certain conditions RNA can perform additional functions which include: catalyzing chemical reactions (amino acid peptide bonds) processing messenger RNA after transcription helping DNA replicate (RNA primer)
|
|
|
Term
| What can result when a mutation to DNA occurs? |
|
Definition
Mutation to DNA can result in: cancer (mutation affecting body cell/somatic cell), decreased functioning or increased functioning, birth defects (mutation affecting sex cell), or no observable problem within the cell.
|
|
|
Term
| A bacterium that was once able survive in a tryptophan-free environment is now unable to synthesize its own tryptophan. The bacterium is otherwise unaffected. Where is the most likely location for the mutation causing the change? |
|
Definition
| The trp promoter is the most likely location for the mutation because if it cannot operate, transcription of the tryptophan-synthesizing enzymes does not take place. |
|
|
Term
An expressed gene is turned ____. |
|
Definition
| An expressed gene is turned on. |
|
|
Term
| Proteins that bind to _______________on DNA determine whether a gene is expressed. |
|
Definition
| Proteins that bind to Regulatory Sites on DNA determine whether a gene is expressed. |
|
|
Term
If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is _______________________________ |
|
Definition
| If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is turned on and off at different times, as needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is a promoter? Binding site for RNA polymerase. |
|
|
Term
| During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the _________ on the mRNA and the ______________on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. |
|
Definition
| During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the codon on the mRNA and the anti-codon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. |
|
|
Term
| The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce ____________. |
|
Definition
| The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the process of translation? |
|
Definition
| What happens during the process of translation?The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
|
|
Term
Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? |
|
Definition
| Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is produced during transcription? |
|
Definition
| What is produced during transcription? RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA inside the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
|
|
Term
How is RNA different from DNA? |
|
Definition
How is RNA different from DNA? RNA has Ribose sugar, single stranded, uracil no thymine DNA has deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine no uracil |
|
|
Term
DNA is copied during a process called ___________ |
|
Definition
DNA is copied during a process called replication. Semi- conservative replication because each copy has one new strand and one original strand. |
|
|
Term
| Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of ________________in DNA is about equal to the percentage of____________. |
|
Definition
| Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the parts which are found in each nucleotide found in DNA? |
|
Definition
The parts which are found in each nucleotide found in DNA: a. Deoxyribose + phosphate + cytosine b. Deoxyribose + phosphate + guanine c. Deoxyribose + phosphate + thymine d. Deoxyribose + phosphate + adenine |
|
|
Term
You have a building toy set consisting of parts that can be connected together. You are going to use it to model a piece of DNA. You have decided that each part of DNA will be represented by a different type of toy piece. You have chosen the following four pieces so far: adenine = large red cube; guanine = large green cube, thymine = small orange cube; cytosine = small blue cube. How many other types of pieces do you need to represent the remaining parts both the 3-prime and the 5-prime strands of a section of DNA? |
|
Definition
| The only pieces still needed represent a sugar and a phosphate—the order of those pieces determines the direction of the strand. |
|
|
Term
Three samples of DNA contain the percentages of nitrogenous bases listed below. According to Chargaff’s law, which two samples probably belong to the same species? [image] |
|
Definition
Though the numbers do not match exactly, 1 and 3 have similar percentages of adenine and cytosine indicating the samples may be from similar species
[image] |
|
|
Term
| This is a template DNA sequence: 3'AATCGCA5'. This is a partially-completed mRNA strand transcribed from the DNA template: 3'GCGA5'. What is the next nucleotide that RNA polymerase will attach? |
|
Definition
3'AATCGCA 5'. 5' __AGCGU 3' The RNA polymerase proceeds down one strand of DNA moving in the 3′ to 5′ direction. Synthesis of the RNA proceeds in the 5′ to 3′ direction because RNA polymerase adds to the 3' end of the new strand. |
|
|
Term
| What type of mutation has occurred in the figure?[image] |
|
Definition
| Deletion of the nucleotide U caused a frameshift mutation since the codons following the deletion will code for a different amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| What will be the result of the mutation in the figure?[image] |
|
Definition
[image] What will be the result of the mutation in the figure above?Nearly every amino acid in the protein will change. |
|
|
Term
| The template strand of a piece of DNA being replicated reads: 5'-ATAGGCCGT-3'. A partially synthesized Okazaki fragment is 5'CCTA3'. If the next fragment is four bases long, what is its first base? |
|
Definition
5’ ATAGG CCGT3’ 3’ _ATCC A (3'RNA Primer)5’ The next fragment will replicate the DNA sequence of CCGT and the first base in the replicate fragment is A. |
|
|
Term
| How many bases are needed to specify five amino acids? |
|
Definition
| 3 bases/codon x 1 codon/amino acid x 5 amino acids = 15 bases |
|
|
Term
What is the difference between the lagging strand and the leading strand? |
|
Definition
The Lagging strand replicated discontinuously forming Okasaki fragments. The Leading strand is replicated continuously. |
|
|
Term
A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. What type of mutation occurred? |
|
Definition
A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a point substitution mutation because a G was replaced with a A. |
|
|
Term
| A DNA segment is changed from -AATTAGAAATAG- to -ATTAGAAATAG-. What type of mutation occurred? |
|
Definition
A DNA segment is changed from -AATTAGAAATAG- to -ATTAGAAATAG-. This is a frameshift mutation due to the deletion of adenine from the beginning of the sequence. |
|
|
Term
Here are two related mRNA sequences: 5'UUUAGCGAGCAU3' and 5'UUUAGCCAUAAAAAAAA3'. How was the second sequence formed? |
|
Definition
Here are two related mRNA sequences: 5'UUUAGCGAGCAU3' and 5'UUUAGCCAUAAAAAAAA3'. The second sequence was formed by Intron (GAG) being removed and a poly A tail added to form the second sequence. |
|
|
Term
| Process 1 in the diagram is known as_________[image] |
|
Definition
[image] Process 1 in the diagram above is known as Replication |
|
|
Term
| [image] Process 2 in the diagram above is known as ___________. |
|
Definition
[image] Process 2 in the diagram above is known as Transcription |
|
|
Term
[image] Process 3 in the diagram above is known as ___________ |
|
Definition
[image] Process 3 in the diagram above is known as Translation |
|
|
Term
[image] What is the product of process 3 as shown in the diagram above? |
|
Definition
[image] The product of process 3 shown in the diagram above is Protein (aka polypeptide) |
|
|
Term
[image] Which process in the diagram above occurs in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
[image] The processes in the diagram above that occur in the nucleus are Replication (1) and Transcription (2) because both processes involve DNA which is stuck in the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
[image] Which process in the diagram above occurs in the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
[image] The process in the diagram above occurs in the cytoplasm is Translation |
|
|
Term
| In one type of mutated gene for hemoglobin, CAC has replaced the normal CTC in the DNA code. What amino acid substitution has taken place in the mutated hemoglobin?[image] |
|
Definition
[image] Original DNA = CTC Original mRNA = GAG code for amino acid glutamic acidMutated DNA = CAC; Mutated mRNA = GUG which codes for amino acid valineValine replaced Glutamic acid |
|
|
Term
Use the amino acid code chart to sequence the following messenger RNA strand into an amino acid strand. AUGUUACCCCAAUUU – [image] |
|
Definition
[image] AUG – UUA – CCC – CAA - UUU – Met – Leu – Pro – Gln - Phe |
|
|
Term
Translation - is the process that uses ____________ as the genetic code, ribosomes to stablize the additions and ________________ to transport and assemble _________________. |
|
Definition
Translation - is the process that uses messenger RNA as the genetic code, ribosomes to stablize the additions and transfer RNA to transport and assemble proteins. |
|
|
Term
| A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. What type of mutation occurred? |
|
Definition
| A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a point substitution mutation because a G was replaced with a A. |
|
|
Term
During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed: a) Inside the_________ b) Is ________-stranded c) Is___________ to one of the strands of DNA |
|
Definition
During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed: a. Inside the nucleus b. Is _single-stranded c. Is complementary to one of the strands of DNA |
|
|
Term
Use the genetic code chart to translate the following messenger RNA strand into an amino acid: GAG [image] |
|
Definition
| GAG codes for Glu (Glutamic acid/glutamate) |
|
|
Term
In what part of the cell does this process shown below take place? [image] |
|
Definition
The process of translation takes place in the cyctoplasm on the ribosomes. Remember the ribosomes are like a tape measure holding the mRNA and positioning the tRNA |
|
|
Term
The process illustrated below is called ______________. [image] |
|
Definition
| The process is translation. |
|
|
Term
Which of the structures in the figure below are composed of RNA? [image] |
|
Definition
The structures that are composed of RNA are: 1) Structure I - anticodon 2) Structure II - messenger RNA 3) Structure IV - transfer RNA The others are amino acids and proteins NOT RNA |
|
|
Term
A two parter: What is the X pointing to and what is this a structure of? [image] |
|
Definition
The X below refers to a nucleotide (a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a cytosine nitrogen base). The structure is a DNA molecule. [image] |
|
|
Term
| A particular sequence of parent DNA has four purine bases and two pyrimidine bases. According to base-pairing rules, which of the following sequences could be formed during replication? |
|
Definition
A particular sequence of parent DNA has four purine bases and two pyrimidine bases. According to base-pairing rules, which of the following sequences could be formed during replication? Representing Purine as Pu and Pyrimidine as Py then a parent strand might read: Pu Pu Pu Pu Py Py. If that is the strand to replicate that means that the new strand that will base pair will read: Py Py Py Py Pu Pu. because Adenine (purine) base pairs with Thymine (pyrmidine) and Guanine (purine) base pairs with Cytosine (pyrimidine). Therefore: the replicate new strand will have 4 pyrimidines and 2 purines. |
|
|
