Term
| Define sociology? Why is it important in tourism? |
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Definition
• The science of society, social institutions, and social relationships.
• Travel experience and destinations encourage and discourage tourism. |
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Term
| How does travel affect the individual, family, and society? |
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Definition
• On the individual
-Cultural distance
• On the family
-Highlight of the year
-The more purposeful and educational, the more beneficial
• On society
-National understanding and appreciation
-Security and crime
-Resentment
-Changing Population and Travel Interests |
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Term
| What are some negative social impacts? What are acculturation, trinketization, and resentment? |
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Definition
-Introduction of undesirable activities -Standardization of roles
-Wanting the same goods -Loss of cultural pride
-Racial tension -Too rapid change
-Servile attitude -Disproportionate # of low paid workers
• Acculturation- assimilate to a different culture
• Trinketization- the process of producing and selling cheap, mass-produced, imported goods as if they were genuine artifacts of local culture
• Resentment- bitter about having being treated unfairly |
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Term
| What are some barriers to travel? |
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Definition
• Cost
• Lack of time
• Health limitations/disabilities
• Family stage
• Lack of interest
• Fear of safety |
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Term
| Who has the right to travel? What is the CALYPSO project? What are they working on? |
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Definition
• Holiday with pay
• Travel to area with poor human right records
• Travel only for the wealthy/privilege
• Travel for those who don’t have a disability
• Travel restriction based on religion or cultural beliefs |
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Term
| What are the four major components of supply? Be able to provide examples for each. |
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Definition
1. Natural resources and environment- air, climate, terrain, flora, fauna, sanitation, water supply, natural beauty
2. Built environment- roads, walking paths, ports, airports, gas stations
3. Operating sector-accommodations, food service, transportation, recreation, travel service, attractions, events and entertainment Services
4. Spirit of hospitality and cultural resources- “the finest physical facilities will be worthless if the tourist feels unwelcome”, an agency’s/organization’s strong commitment to your guest, know what they want, “there is no better advertising than a satisfied visitor.” |
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Term
| Be able to explain how supply components influences demand. |
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Definition
• Supply functions are always constrained by demand
• R = T x P x L ÷ S x N
R = Rooms demand per night
T = # of tourist
P = % staying in a hotel
L = average length of stay
N = average # of persons per room
S = # of days per year in business |
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Term
| Be able to list and explain the six steps in a task analysis. |
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Definition
1. Identification of present demand
2. Inventory of existing supply
3. Adequacy of present supply with existing supply
4. Market trends
5. Forecast
6. Match supply with anticipated demand |
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Term
| Define demand? What is resistance? What is propensity? |
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Definition
• Demand- as a schedule of the amount of any product or service that people are willing and able to buy at each specific price in a set of possible prices during some specified period of time
• Resistance- attractiveness and ease of travel, inversely related to demand
• Propensity- willingness to travel, directly related to demand |
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Term
| What information is needed to determine tourism demand? |
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Definition
1. Number of visitors
2. Means of transportation used by the visitors to arrive at destination
3. Length of stay and type of accommodations used
4. Amount of money spent by visitors |
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Term
| Be able to list the different measures of tourism demand. |
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Definition
• Visitor arrivals
Easiest, often not accurate
# of people arriving at a destination who stay for 24 hours longer.
• Visitor-days & Visitors-nights
Valuable for planners
# of visitors X average length of stay
• Amount spent
Most difficult and most accurate
# of visitor days/nights X average expenditure per day/night |
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Term
| Know the different methods of forecasting tourism demand. Which is the most reliable? Why? What are the limitations for forecasting? |
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Definition
• Trend Analysis- interpretation of historical demand data
• Simple Regression- helps explain the relationship between demand and a one specific variable
• Multiple Regression- similar to simple regression except it takes multiple variables into consideration when predicting demand
• Computer simulations and models- computer model that simulate tourist demand, comprehensive & can accurately measure several factors
• Delphi- systematic survey of tourism experts (executives) |
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Term
| What are the 3 major goals in tourism? What does tourism want to optimize and why? |
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Definition
1. Maximize psychological experiences
2. Maximize profits for providers of goods and service
3. Maximize the direct, indirect, and induced benefits of expenditures
• The experience
• Returns to businesses
• Local economy |
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Term
| Explain “constraints” and give several examples. |
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Definition
• Demand
• Supply of attractive resources
• Technical and environmental
• Time
• Indivisibilities
• Legal
• Self-imposed
• Lack of knowledge
• Limited resources |
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Term
| Briefly explain the income multiplier effect. |
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Definition
• The amount of new economic activity generated as basic income circulated through the economy
• Dependent on strength of linkages |
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Term
| Define leakage. How does it affect the multiplier effect?Define leakage. How does it affect the multiplier effect? |
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Definition
• When the money leaves the area
-a combination of saving and imports |
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Term
| Define tourism imports and exports. Give an example of each |
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Definition
• Export– expenditures of a foreigner in a host country
Ex.- A Russian spent money in the United States (Export for the USA)
• Import– expenditures by a resident outside of his/her host country.
Ex.- A United States tourist spending money in Russia (Import for the USA) |
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Term
| Can tourism increase the tax base for the community? If so, how? |
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Definition
• Tourism spending increases the tax base for the host community
-Sales tax, airport tax, exit fees
• Reduces demand and increases resentment |
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Term
| Can tourism cause inflation to increase in a local community? If so, how? |
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Definition
| • Tourists typically have higher expenditure capability than residents, which can often raise prices on food, housing, transportation, arts and crafts for everyone |
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Term
| Does tourism affect the environment, does the environment affect tourism… if so how? |
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Definition
• Often the natural landscape is the key tourism product in the area.
–Beaches in the Caribbean
–Alps in Switzerland
–Rainforest in the Amazon |
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Term
| What are the negative impacts of tourism on the environment? Be able to list and explain. |
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Definition
• Floral and fauna- killing of animals or destroying vegetation
• Pollution- water, air, noise
• Erosion- damage to river banks or caves
• Natural resources- depletion of fossil fuels or ground and surface water supply
• Visual impacts- facilities that do not match the natural environment and litter |
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Term
| How do you define sustainability? Why do you define it that way? |
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Definition
| • Balance to ensure the survival and prosperity of the past, present, and future generations, its environment and all its resources. |
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Term
| Be able to define sustainable tourism and explain the key principles of sustainability. |
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Definition
| • Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities |
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Term
| What are the 12 policy goals of sustainable tourism? |
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Definition
1.Economic viability
2.Local prosperity
3.Employment quality
4.Social equity
5.Visitor fulfillment
6.Local control
7.Community well being
8.Cultural richness
9.Physical integrity
10.Biological diversity
11.Resource efficiency
12.Environmental purity |
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Term
| What are some examples of sustainable tourism? In class we talked about three, know them and what they have done to become more sustainable. |
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Definition
• The Proximity Hotel
-Use solar energy to heat hot water with 100 solar panels, which heat 60% of the water, reducing energy consumption by 35%
• Weeping Radish Brewery
The concept was build to reduce the amount traveled with respect to the food chain, by shortening the distance traveled from food, to consumer
• North Carolina Zoo
A biodiesel blend is collected from the on-site restaurant and used in place regular petroleum |
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Term
| Be able to define ecotourism, and explain the difference between ecotourism and sustainable tourism. |
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Definition
• Sustainable tourism– societal obligation to ensure the conditions necessary to maintain the physical environment for future generations
• Ecotourism– individual concern for all travelers to avoid harming and protect all sites they visit |
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Term
| What are the positive impacts of tourism on the environment? Be able to list and explain. |
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Definition
• Land preservation and conservation
• Interpretation and environmental education
• Funding for land acquisition and protection
• Environmental monitoring and evaluation
• Improved access and facilities |
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Term
| How do you define policy? |
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Definition
| • A set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development/promotion objective and strategies that provide a framework within which the collective and individual decisions directly affecting tourism development and the daily activities within a destination are taken. |
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Term
| Why is tourism policy important? (Competitive and sustainable) |
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Definition
• Defines the rules of the game
• Defines acceptable forms of behavior and activities
• Provides directions and guidance to stakeholders
• Provides strategic direction and objectives for a destination
• Provides a framework
• Illustrates the connection between tourism and other industries |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps in the tourism policy process? |
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Definition
1. Definitional Phase
2. Analytical Phase
3. Operational Phase
4. Implementation Phase |
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Term
| Is tourism policy universal… or is it destination specific. If so why, if so why not? |
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Definition
| • Destination specific by macro region, nation or country, providence or state, localized region, city or town, and unique local |
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Term
| Which stakeholders should be involved in developing tourism policy? |
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Definition
• Residents (Host)
• Government
• Environmental groups
• Local visitors
• Tourist
• Operating sector |
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Term
| What are the challenges of tourism planning? |
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Definition
• Tourism is abstract
• Multiple Dimensions
• Goals are dependent on the stakeholder
• Tourism is the experience
• Dynamic
• Many small products making up the sum |
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Term
| Why is it important to conduct tourism planning? |
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Definition
• Improve and Better Understand Visitors Needs
• Minimize Resource Depletion
• Improve Economy
• Increase the Communities Quality of Life
• System Efficiency |
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Term
| What are the 8 steps in the tourism planning process? |
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Definition
1. Define the system
2. Formulate objectives
3. Data gathering
4. Analysis and interpret
5. Preliminary planning
6. Approving the plan
7. Final plan
8. Implementation |
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Term
| What are the similarities and differences between planning and policy? |
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Definition
• They both deal with the future development of a tourism destination or region
• They both emphasize the strategic dimensions of managerial action- although planning must also address a number of tactical concerns.
Policy- Planning-
1. Is big picture 1.Attention to detail
2.More constrained exercise 2. Creative and intellectual process
3.Shorter vision, one to five year plan 3. Visioning, long term process
4.Assume current conditions 4. Allow of unseen circumstances
5.“How” to achieve a specific goal 5. “What” should be done long term |
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Term
| How do you define planning? |
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Definition
| • Planning is a multidimensional activity and seeks to be integrative. It embraces social, economic, political, psychological, anthropological, and technological factors. It is concerned with the past, present and future |
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Term
| What are some key attributes that a destination should consider with respect to tourism planning and development? |
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Definition
• Supply components
• Stakeholder understanding
• Zoning
• Financing |
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Term
| Why do we conduct research? |
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Definition
| • To reduce the risk in decision making |
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Term
| Be able to list and explain the uses of travel research. |
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Definition
1. To delineate significant problems
-Isolate problems
2. To keep an organization or a business in touch with its markets
-To help develop policies
3. To reduce waste
-Eliminate inefficiencies
4. To develop new sources of profit
-Discovery of new markets, products and procedures
5. To aid in sales promotions
-Consumer behavior and attitude
6. To create goodwill
-Show their customers they care |
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Term
| Be able to list the travel research process. |
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Definition
1. Identify the problem
2. Conduct a situation analysis
3. Conduct an informal investigation
4. Develop a formal research design
5. Collect the data
6. Tabulate and analyze
7. Interpret
8. Write the report
9. Follow up |
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Term
| Know the difference between primary and secondary data. |
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Definition
• Primary data
-First hand source of information
-Original data collected for a specific purpose
-Can be time consuming, expensive and hard to collect
• Secondary data
-Second hand information
-Collected for another purpose
-Low cost, often has easy access
-Often information does not fit the problem |
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Term
| Know the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods. |
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Definition
Quantitative research- research that places heavy emphasis on using formal standard questions and predetermined response options in questionnaires or surveys administered to large numbers of responders
Qualitative Research- research that relies on the collection of data in the form of text or images using open-ended questions, observation, or “found” data |
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Term
| Be able to list and explain the many different research methods. |
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Definition
• Focus Groups
-Exploratory, Qualitative data
-Rich data, but often hard extrapolate data
• Observational Methods
-Direct data
-Accurate, but can be costly and often difficult to conduct
• Experimental Method
-Scientific test,
-Hard to control are variables
• Survey Methods |
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Term
| Know how you can gather/obtain travel and tourism research. |
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Definition
• Journals
• Academics
• Research Agencies
• Government
• Travel Association
• Corporations/Businesses |
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Term
| What is marketing mix? Know the components and be able to explain why and how it works. |
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Definition
This is your recipe
• It is composed of every factor that influences the marketing effort
• Includes- Timing, Image, Advertising, Selling, Channels of Distribution, P’s etc…. |
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Term
| Know all the P’s. Be able to explain each P and how they are essential to the marketing process. |
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Definition
• Product- tangible and intangible, must meet the customer’s needs and wants, feedback is critical
• Place- where the product is delivered, location, atmosphere
• Price- price = perception = value, pricing strategies, pricing policy
• Promotions- create a demand for the product, advertising, personal selling, public relations
• People- empowering employees, training and involvement
• Packaging- combine items or activities and sell them as a group
• Positioning- establishing a distinctive place in the market and in the minds of potential guests
• Programming- activities, promotional programs, and training
• Partnerships- two or more tourism organizations come together
• Prospects- target market, market segmentation
• Post-sale- assessment, evaluation |
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