Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by endocrine cells into the blood. Work in low concentrations and must bind to receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones that have an effect on other endocrine cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Organs whose primary function is the secretion of hormones. (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary endocrine organs |
|
Definition
| Secretion of hormones is not principal function.(liver, stomach, kidney). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone functions apply to which pathway |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rate at which endocrine cells release hormones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? bound hormone is "protected" from breakdown. Only free hormone can bind to carriers |
|
|
Term
Lipophillic
-bound to carrier proteins
-Stored in adipose tissue (creates a pool) |
|
Definition
| Which type of hormone has a longer half-life and why? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These hormones are metabolized readily and are its products are excreted in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones interaction with a tissue yields a more additive. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Interaction when one hormone cannot have its full effect unless a second is present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The reproductive hormones must also have thyroid hormones for normal development of reproductive systems. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Two hormones that act against each other. |
|
|
Term
-autonomously hyper functioning gland
-Increased signals (from trophic hormone)
-Neoplasmic growth (tumor) |
|
Definition
| How can there be hypersecretion of an endocrine gland |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Physician induced hypersecretion of hormones |
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|
Term
| Atrophy of endocrine glands |
|
Definition
| Most common cause of hyposecretion |
|
|
Term
| Problem with receptor or signal transduction pathway |
|
Definition
| What can cause a decrease in responsiveness to hormone? |
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|
Term
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary |
|
Definition
| Pituitary gland (hypophysis) consists of what two parts |
|
|
Term
-Extension of neural tissue
-Secretes neurohormones
-Also called neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Posterior Pituitary |
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|
Term
-Epithelial origin
-Also called adenohypophysis |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Anterior Pituitary |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The posterior pituitary produces no hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The posterior pituitary stores and releases neurohormones produced by... |
|
|
Term
-Vasopressin (ADH)
-Oxytocin |
|
Definition
| What two neurohormones does the posterior pituitary secrete? |
|
|
Term
-Produced in paraventricular nucleus region of hypothalamus
-Regulates water balance in kidney
-Vasoconstriction in high concentration |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Vasopressin(ADH) |
|
|
Term
-Produced by cells in supraoptic nucleus region of the hypothalamus
-Milk ejection
-uterine contraction during labor |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Oxytocin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-tropic hormone, It effects breast and milk production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Has tropic effect on liver stimulating somatomedins. |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocoricotropin (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates adrenal cortex |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes various tropic hormones which act on Pituitary. |
|
|
Term
| Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin release hormone (CRH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates release of ACTH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropic releasing hormone (GRH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates the release of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone) |
|
Definition
| inhibits prolactin release |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| Pathway in which the hypothalmus delivers its hormones to the pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid follicles consist of cells called |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Glycoprotein secreted by Follicular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between the follicles of the thyroid, these cells secrete calcitonin(calcium regulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary substance in colloid which serves as a precursor for thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actively transported by folllicular cells from blood into colloid. Necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Thyroid hormones are amine hormones and are derived from tyrosine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone sythesis starts in the colloid and then is completed where? |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| What initiates the uptake of T3 and T4 from colloid to follicular cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Thyroid hormones are lipophillic |
|
|
Term
T4 is produced 10x than T3
---------------------------
T3 is 4x more potent |
|
Definition
| Which thyroid hormone is in greater concentration? more potent? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of T4 is converted to T3 after secretion in a process called |
|
|
Term
-Primary effect on Na/K pump
-increase oxygen consumption
-increase metabolic rate
-generates heat (Calorigenic) |
|
Definition
| Primary effects of Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Thyroid hormones promote sythesis of beta receptors=more responsive to sympathetic neural input (Permissive effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid deficiency in infancy can lead to irreversible brain damaged called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Thyroid hormones are important in maintaining nervous system function |
|
|
Term
-Hypothalamus releases (TRH)
-Anterior Pituitary relases (TSH)
-thyroid gland relases (T3 and T4) |
|
Definition
| Explain the series of steps needed in order for the release of T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
-increase in oxygen consumption and heat
-Increase protein catabolism
-Super refelxes, insomnia
-Rapid heart rate (more beta receptors) |
|
Definition
| What results from Hyperthyroidism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune disease where antibodies bind and activate TSH receptors on thyroid gland, increase thyroid hormone release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Graves disease will cause a decrease the amount of TSH produced by the Anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
-Slow metabolic rate (cold intolerant)
-decrease protein sythesis (loss of hair)
-Slow reflexes, fatigue
-Myxedema (rough skin on ankles) |
|
Definition
| What results from Hypothyroidism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Hypothyroidism will cause an increase of (TSH) and (TRH) leading to a goiter(enlarged thyroid gland) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Hypothyroidism will cause an increase of (TSH) and (TRH) leading to a goiter(enlarged thyroid gland) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? A goiter may be present with hypo, hyper, or euthyroid(normal) states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes the hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the role of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland? |
|
|
Term
-adrenal medulla
-adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| What are the two layers of the Adrenal gland? |
|
|
Term
| Chromafin cells - secrete epinephrine (sympathetic nervous system) |
|
Definition
| Which cells are apart of the adrenal medulla? |
|
|
Term
-Glomerulosa
-Fasiculata
-Reticularis |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 layer of the adrenal cortex? |
|
|
Term
-mineralocorticoids
-glucocorticoids
-sex hormones |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 types of adrenocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
|
|
Term
Secreted by zona glomerulosa
----------------------------------
-Regulates Na reabsorption and K secretion at kidneys (Aldosterone) |
|
Definition
| Function of Mineralocorticoids? |
|
|
Term
Secreted by zona fasiculata and reticularis
------------------------------------
Regulates response to stress
affects metabolism/ blood glucose levels (Cortisol) |
|
Definition
| Function of glucocorticoids? |
|
|
Term
Secreted by zona fasiculata and reticularis
-----------------------------------
regulate reproductive function (androgens) |
|
Definition
| Function of Sex hormones? |
|
|
Term
| ACTH from the anterior pitutiary |
|
Definition
| What stimulates the release of Cortisol? |
|
|
Term
-Hypothalamus release (CRF)
-Stimulates ACTH from Ant. pituitary
-Simtulates Cortisol from adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| Explain the series of how Cortisol is released? |
|
|
Term
-Increase glucose formation (gluconeogenesis)
-Lipolysis: fat breakdown
-inhibit protein synthesis
-inhibits inflammation/ immune response
-maintain MAP |
|
Definition
| Effective effects during "stress" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What diases results from the hypersecetion of Cortisol? |
|
|
Term
-hyperglycemia
-muscle atropy, weakness, brusing
-unusal fat deposition |
|
Definition
| Symptoms of Cushings syndrome? |
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) |
|
Definition
| What results from the hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone? |
|
|
Term
-hypoglycemia
-poor stress tolerance
-excess Na excretion/ K retention
-Elevated ACTH |
|
Definition
| Symptoms of Addison's disease? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the anterior pituitary, it causes an elongation of bone and lean body mass |
|
|
Term
Hypertrophy-Increase cell size
----------------------------------
Hyperplasia-Increase cell number
----------------------------------
Acts on chondrocytes at epiphyseal plates |
|
Definition
| How does Growth hormone work? |
|
|
Term
| Somatomedins - insulin like growth factors produced in the liver |
|
Definition
| What chemical mediators regulate the actions of Growth hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium is stored in the bone in the form of what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic part of the structual component of the bone. Consists of collagen fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for laying down new bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where chondrocytes are located |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where Growth hormone has its effects on the bone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by excess of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The pancreas functions as both endocrine and exocrine gland. |
|
|
Term
Alpha cells -secrete glucagon
--------------------------------------
Beta cells -secrete insulin |
|
Definition
| Endocrine portion of the pancreas is the Islets of Langerhans: it consists of what types of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period when nutrients enter the bloodstream from the GI tract. Glucose is abundant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anabolic hormone that promotes the sythesis of energy storage molecules. |
|
|
Term
-Plasma glucose concentration
-B cells respond to parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| What simulates Insulin secretion? |
|
|
Term
| GIP (glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide) |
|
Definition
| Secreted in response to the presences of food. It increases the secretion of insulin. "feed foward" signal |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system and circulating epinephrine |
|
Definition
| What inhibits the secretion of insulin? |
|
|
Term
| DECREASE in Plasma glucose |
|
Definition
| What is the overall result due to the secretion of insulin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catabolic hormone that promotes the mobilization of energy stores? |
|
|
Term
-decrease in blood glucose concentration
-sympathetic nervous sytem and epinephrine |
|
Definition
| What stimulates the secretion of Glucagon? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition in which fasting glucose concentration is too HIGH. Indicative of diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition when fasting glucose concentration is too low |
|
|
Term
| The brain depends on glucose |
|
Definition
| Why do plasma glucose levels must be maintained for the CNS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period during which ingested nutrients are entering the blood from the digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
-Extra nutrients are stored
-Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
- |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Absorptive state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period which GI tract is empty and energy is supplied from endogenous sources. |
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis and "glucose sparring" |
|
Definition
| What two processes maintain adequate blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis is curtailed, instead they are broken down for glucose formation and energy production |
|
Definition
| What occurs during the postabsorptive state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During fasting, the body turns to the breakdown of fats(ketones) to meet energy needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apart of glucose sparing, it is the catabolism of lipids in adipose tissue to glycerol and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which fatty acids are catabolized to yeild acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? In the liver, acetyl CoA is used to form ketones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Relative plasma concentration of insulin and glucagon controls the transition between absorptive and postabsorptive states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Increase of plasma glucose levels directly stimulates B cells to secrete insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? glucose dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) causes insulin secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insulin causes an increase of nutrients across membranes by increasing which glucose transporters? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? In the postabosrptive state, insulin levels are low and glucose uptake is reduced by reduced number of GLUT-4 transporters |
|
|
Term
-Promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-promotes ketone formation
-promotes breakdown of proteins
-Stimulates lipolysis |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle is....(referring to its nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle fibers are composed of numerous... |
|
|
Term
| Thick filament (myosin) and Thin filament (Actin) |
|
Definition
| Myofibrils consists of what two components... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The repetitive arrangement of think/thin filaments is was makes skeletal muscle appear "striated" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The functional portion of skeletal muscle is termed what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which filament consists of myosin with an actin binding site and ATPase site? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The head portion of myosin is termed what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which filament is composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin found in the thin filament is termed what? It is due to its structure in strands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule that blocks the binding site on actin for myosin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule that consists of a tropomyosin binding site, actin binding site, and Ca binding site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extend from "z-line to z-line". Situated where myosin resides in the center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name of process that states during muscle contraction the thick/thin filaments slide past each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elastic protein which extends from M-line to Z-line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interaction between actin and myosin causes movement and release is called what? |
|
|
Term
| Myosin head binds to and hydrolyizes ATP. Myosin in now "activated" |
|
Definition
| 1st step in the Cross bridge cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result from the release of ADP and Pi from the myosin molecule and the actin is pulled towards the center of the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? After a power stroke, actin and myosin remain bound but myosin is said to be in a lower energy state |
|
|
Term
-Binds to troponin
-This causes tropomyosin to be removed from actin
-Myosin is now exposed for actin
-Ca is released from Smooth ER
-Relaxation: must be actively pumped out |
|
Definition
| Role of Ca in skeletal muscle? |
|
|
Term
-Break bond btwn actin/myosin
-convertes myosin to "active" state
-Active transport of Ca back into smooth ER |
|
Definition
| Role of ATP in muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Excitation contraction Coupling |
|
Definition
| Process of an Action Potential going through the cross bridge cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These potentials are always strong enough to reach threshold resulting in the generation of an action potential |
|
|
Term
| T-tubules (transverse tubules) |
|
Definition
| How do action potentials conducted along cell membranes travel to the depths of muscle fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? T-tubules are adjacent to lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum (where Ca is stored) |
|
|
Term
| DHP receptors (cell membrane) and Ryanodine receptors (Sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
|
Definition
| Action potential traveling down T-tubules activate what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which T-tubule receptor is voltage gated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which receptor causes the rush of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is contantly working to return Ca into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? With Ca at normal levels, tropomyosin returns to its "blocking" position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to lack of ATP, myosin-actin bonds cannot be broken causing stiffness |
|
|
Term
1st)Creatine phospate
2nd)Anaerobic glycolysis
3rd)Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| What are the three ways in which ATP is regenerated in Muscule Cell metabolism. |
|
|
Term
-Creatine is used as ATP "buffer"
-Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) catalyzes conversion of ADP to ATP using Pi stored in creatine |
|
Definition
| How is creatine phosphate used to replenish ATP in muscle metabolism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Muscle cells contain about 4x the energy stored in creatine phosphate than stored in ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the duration of ATP energy made by creatine in maximal effort? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The duration of ATP energy made by anaerobic glycolysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Aerobic metabolism can provide ATP as long as nutrients are available. |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle and Liver |
|
Definition
| Where are the major sites of glycogen storage in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical response of an individual muscle cell or motor unit to a SINGLE action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Tension generated with a twitch is reproducible as long as the frequency of stimulation allows relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? A single action potential will always trigger the same release of Ca thus producing the same force. |
|
|
Term
-Latent Period
-Contraction Phase
-Relaxation Phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twitch phase where there is a slight delay from the AP arrives at the muscle cell. Excitation-contraction coupling is going on here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phase of Twitch that ends at point of peak tension. Ca release exceeds Ca reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Longest of the Twitch phases, Ca reuptake exceeds Ca release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? A twitch can only be considered a "laboratory" phenomenon because of its will always entail many action potentials |
|
|
Term
-frequency of stimulation
-Fiber diameter
-Fiber length prior to contraction |
|
Definition
| What factors affect the force generated by a SINGLE muscle fiber? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a muscle fiber is stimulated repetitively such that an action potential arrives before the effect of previous twitch is complete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With progressively frequent simulation relaxation period becomes even shorter. Maximum tension plateaus but individual period can be distinguished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greater frequency of stimulation completely eliminates the relaxation time and maximum tension is reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Tetanus is a reproducible for a given muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The greater a fiber's cross sectional area, the more force can be generated. (more cross bridges) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Exercise increases the maximum tension (tetanic contractile force) that a muscle fiber can generate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What relates to the overlap of actin/myosin that allows for maximum cross bridge formation. |
|
|
Term
Recuritment
Size Principle |
|
Definition
| What factors affect the force generated during whole muscle contraction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Strength of a whole muscle contraction can be increased by increasing the number of active motor units in a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of utilizing additional motor units to increase the strength of contraction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Relatively small # of muscle fibers allows for fine control. (eyes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This type of recruitment allows for different motor units to "take turns" maintaining muscle tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Motor units with small fibers are recruited faster than larger fibers (easy to depolarize) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle structure that consists of the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Component of the muscle that do not actively generate force. (tendons0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When tension is created, but muscle shortening does not occur. Contractile elements shorten, Elastic lengthen. [Muscle length stays the same] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When tension is generated with at least equal force opposing it. Overall result is net shortening of muscle. |
|
|
Term
-Lengthening of latent period
-Decreased velocity of shortening
-Decreased duration of shortening |
|
Definition
| What 3 things can be seen with increasing the load on the velocity of shortening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These fibers generate ATP rapidly through glycolisis, they are larger, and are called "white fibers" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These fibers generate ATP via oxadative phosphorylation, smaller, contain good vascular supply, contain Myoglobin (RED COLOR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? glycolytic fibers have fast myosin-ase with a high glycolytic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Fast or Slow oxidative fibers are characterized by fast/slow myosin ATP-ase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which fibers will be recruited more readily: Slow oxidative fibers(small) or Fast glycolytic fibers(large) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decline in a muscles ability to maintain a constant force of contraction in a long term stimulation. |
|
|
Term
-Lactic acid buildup in fast glycolytic fibers
-Depletion of energy reserves
-Neuromuscular fatigue |
|
Definition
| What factors go into fatigue. |
|
|
Term
| internal organs and blood vessels |
|
Definition
| Where is smooth muscle found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point of attachment which serves to transmit force to the exterior in smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unit of smooth muscle where gap junctions are extensive, and its innervated by few neurons. (hollow organs, blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unit of smooth muscle that act as individual units, they require rich innervation. (eye, lg airways) |
|
|
Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
Definition
| Mechanism in which smooth muscles uses Ca in order for contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? In smooth muscle, contains tropomyosin but NO troponin |
|
|
Term
| Ca (from inside/outside cell) binds to calmodulin-->Ca-calmodulin complex which activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) |
|
Definition
| Explain the mechanism in which Ca activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)? |
|
|
Term
| Activated MLCK activates myosin cross bridges which initiates cross bridge formation |
|
Definition
| Role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in contraction in smooth muscle? |
|
|
Term
| myosin light chain phosphtase |
|
Definition
| In smooth muscle, what is needed to inactivate myosin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Although slower, smooth muscle can generate the same amount of tension as skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? fatigue is not a problem with smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? fatigue is not a problem with smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
Smooth: Ca mediates changes in thick filaments leading to cross bridge
--------------------------------------
Skeletal: Ca mediates change in only thin filaments (troponin) |
|
Definition
| Differences in Ca utilization between smooth and skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? In smooth muscle, graded stimulation is seen? |
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|
Term
-Strength of contraction
-Number of cross bridges |
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Definition
| In smooth muscle, what two things are proportional to amount Ca present? |
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Term
| Varicosities (non-specific) |
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Definition
| What is seen in the autonomic innervation ends of smooth muscle? |
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Term
| pharmicomechanical coupling |
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Definition
| When a contraction is caused without a change of membrane potential is called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells that spontaneously depolarize? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? slow wave potentials my NOT reach threshold |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Potential characterized by alternating depolariztion and hyperpolarization swings in potential |
|
|
Term
-paracrine agents (nitrous oxide)
-Streching may open gated channels
-Envirionment changes (pH,p02) |
|
Definition
| What local factors my induce slow wave potentials? |
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