Term
| Types of Chemical and Mechanical Barriers |
|
Definition
| Skin, Mucous Membranes, Body secretions, Reflexes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| as long as it remains intact. Burn victims are susceptible to infection because the integrity of the skin is compromised |
|
|
Term
Mucous Membrane
as a barrier |
|
Definition
-Lines passageways into the body
-traps foreign material with sticky secretions
-cilia in upper respiratory sweep impurities up/out |
|
|
Term
Body Secretions
as a barrier
(examples and uses) |
|
Definition
-example: tears, perspiration, saliva
-wash away microorganisms
-might contain acid, enzyme, or chemicals to destroy invaders
-digestive juices destroy bacteria |
|
|
Term
Reflexes
as a barrier
(examples and uses) |
|
Definition
-sneezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea
-removal of pathogens
-removes foreign matter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| WBC's take in and destroy waste/foreign matter |
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Term
| Natural killer cell's locations |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood |
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|
Term
| Natural killer cell functions |
|
Definition
| recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes |
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Term
| How Natural killer cell works |
|
Definition
| secretes protein into abnormal cell that breaks down cell membrane |
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Term
| Inflammation/infection suffix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation/infection symptoms |
|
Definition
| heat, redness, swelling, pain |
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|
Term
| inflammation releases ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-substance that cause the small blood vessels to dilate (widen)
-also releases substances that bring WBC's to the location. |
|
|
Term
| inflammatory exudate is produced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammatory exudate's effect on infection site |
|
Definition
| contributes to swelling, puts pressure on nerves, causes pain in location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exudate, living and dead WBCs, pathogens, destroyed tissue cells |
|
|
Term
During infections
why do lymph nodes
enlarge and become tender? |
|
Definition
-overproduction of phagocytic WBCs
-Fluid from area is filtered
through lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytes release substances that raises body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of raising body temp? |
|
Definition
-stimulates phagocytes
-increases metabolism
-decreases some organisms'
ability to multiply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-interfered with multiplication
and spread of virus
-group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alpha, beta, gamma- indicate category
-followed with # or letter
-example: B2a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can be genetically engineered
in microorganisms
-used to treat viral infections (Hep)
-IFNs can boost immune response in treatment of melanoma, leukemia, and Kaposi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to overcome a specific disease agent or foreign material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inborn, inherited in genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Natural Active adaptive immunity,
How to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Natural passive adaptive immunity,
How to develop |
|
Definition
| placenta or mother's milk |
|
|
Term
Artificial Active adaptive immunity,
how to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Artificial Passive adaptive immunity,
how to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreign substance that enters the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate certain lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where are T cells produced? |
|
Definition
| Begin as stem cells in bone marrow, migrate to Thymus (T=thymus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -combine with specific foreign antigens (sensitized) |
|
|
Term
% of lymphocytes
that are T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroys foreign cells directly |
|
|
Term
Helper Tcells (Th)
function |
|
Definition
| release interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes and macrophages to assist in removal of foreign body |
|
|
Term
Regulatory T cells (Treg)
function |
|
Definition
| suppress immune response to prevent overactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remember an antigen and starts a rapid response if that antigen is contacted again |
|
|
Term
Where are B cells
produced? |
|
Definition
| Produced in bone marrow, migrates and matures in lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.) B cell combines with specific antigen
2.)cell divides to form antibody-producing plasma cells
3.)Some cells develop into memory cells to protect against reinfection |
|
|
Term
| Antibody produced by B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the blood plasma are B cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Active immunity
indepth definition |
|
Definition
| occurs when the host is actively involved in the production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How does active immunity occur? |
|
Definition
| person is invaded by disease organisms, cells manufacture antibodies that provide immunity against infection |
|
|
Term
| How long does Natural Adaptive Active immunity last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Passive immunity
indepth definition |
|
Definition
| occurs when antibodies are acquired from an outside source |
|
|
Term
| How does active immunity occur? |
|
Definition
| Naturally through the placenta from the mother to the fetus or breastfeeding |
|
|
Term
| How long does Natural adaptive passive immunity last? |
|
Definition
6 months (usually long enough for child's immune system to start functioning
-nursing lengthens protective period, antibodies administered through milk |
|
|
Term
| Artificial adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaccination (immunization) causes... |
|
Definition
| immune system to manufacture antibodies |
|
|
Term
What is attenuated?
(in terms of vaccines) |
|
Definition
| organism weakened for use in vaccine |
|
|
Term
What is Toxoid?
(in terms of vaccines) |
|
Definition
-Toxin produced by disease organism
-Toxin altered with heat/chemicals to reduce harmfulness
-still functions as antigen to induce immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat, chemical, or genetic engineering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DPT (Diptheria, Pertussis{whooping cough}, and Tetanus)
-Hib (Haemophilus influenza type B)
-PCV (Pneumococcal pneumonia)
-polio
-MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
-Hep B
-Varicella (chicken pox)
-Rotavirus |
|
|
Term
Young adult's vaccines
(2) |
|
Definition
-Meningococcal Meningitis
-HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Influenza -Pneumococcal Pneumonia -Hep B -Herpes Zoster (shingles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hepatitus (A & B)
-Yellow Fever
-Thyphoid
-Rabies
-Malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emergency rx with antibodies from outside source |
|
|
Term
| What is Artificial Passive Adaptive Immunity |
|
Definition
| man-made/altered immune serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tetanus
-Hepatitis A & B
-Rabies
-RH incompatibility
-Snake bites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal reaction to certain substances in the environment |
|
|
Term
| Four types of allergies (and examples) |
|
Definition
-Ingested: food, drugs
-Inhaled: pollen, dander
-Insect stings: bees, wasps
-Skin contact: soap, perfumes, dyes, metal, latex |
|
|
Term
Allergic reaction
How is it induced? |
|
Definition
| Body produces antibody (IgE) to bind the allergen |
|
|
Term
| How is histimine created? |
|
Definition
| Allergen + antibodies attach to mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What is an anti-histimine? |
|
Definition
drug that counteracts histamine
Ex. Benadryl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic reaction, regardless of cause |
|
|
Term
Systemic Reactions
due to Anaphylaxis
(4) |
|
Definition
-Hives/itching
-Wheezing, shortness of breath
-Hoarse, tight, swollen throat
-Cardiovascular shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
requires immediate attention
-epinephrine
-antihistamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Minimize exposure
-Antihistimines
-immunotherapy (allergy shots)
-Steroids |
|
|
Term
Ways to administer
allergy-treating steroids
(3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best cities for allergies |
|
Definition
| Seattle, San Diego, Sacramento, Albany, Salt Lake City, Stockton, San Jose, Colorado Springs, Daytona Beach, Harrisburg (exception of Albany/Harrisburg, all WEST COAST) |
|
|
Term
| Worst cities for allergies |
|
Definition
Knoxville, Louisville, Chattanooga, Dayton, Charlotte, Philadelphia, Greensboro, Jackson, St. Louis, Wichita
(all EAST coast/Mid-America) |
|
|
Term
Auto-immune disease
Definition |
|
Definition
Abnormal reaction to one's own tissues
Immune system reacts to body's own antigens as if they were foreign |
|
|
Term
Auto-immune disease
examples
(5) |
|
Definition
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Collagen vascular diseases
Diabetes |
|
|
Term
Immune deficiency
Definition |
|
Definition
| Some type of failure in immune system |
|
|
Term
What causes autoimmune deficiencies?
(5) |
|
Definition
T/B cell deficiency
thymus gland irregularity
AIDs/HIV
Antibody (hypogammaglobulinemia)
Medication |
|
|
Term
How does AIDs cause
autoimmune deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Destroys helper T cells (CD4) that have a receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-backwards virus
-virus reverses typical order of genetic actions |
|
|
Term
| Which immune deficiency is considered a pandemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done to minimize transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
tissue/blood typing
immune suppression drugs |
|
|
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition |
|
Definition
| enzyme used to turn RNA into DNA to become part of cells' genetic material |
|
|
Term
| What can retrovirus's activities be? |
|
Definition
lie dormant
direct formation of more virus |
|
|
Term
Medications that cause
immune deficiency
(2) |
|
Definition
Steroids
Bone marrow suppressants - chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues or organs from animals or other humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism's natural tendency to destroy foreign substances, including transplants, caused by antigen-antibody reaction. |
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