Term
| Property (land) as measure of membership in community (John Adams) |
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Definition
Buildings: Self-built
Finance: some banking
Income: class differences (propertied vs nonpropertied)
Ideology: YOYO
Policy: No home policy |
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Term
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Definition
Buildings: Self-built
Finance: n/a
Income: income from land productivity
Ideology: YOYO
Policy: None (lost in NY legislature) |
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Term
| 19h cent Homestead Act (rural only) |
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Definition
Buildings: Self-built
Finance: individual lending (uncles)
Income:
Ideology: YOYO but WITT in terms of granting land to individuals
Policy: First attempt to create govt policy regarding housing |
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Term
| Growth in cities (mid 19th to early 20th cent) |
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Definition
Buildings: tenements/slums, individual homes (early suburbs), rise in homeownership (40%).
Finance: mutual savings, growth of banks
Income: income gaps between new industraial working class, urban poor, and wealthy, middle class growing but small
Ideology: YOYO but some WITT (additionion of zoning and building codes, which indicates openness to public intervention in private economy)
Policy: Moral environmentalism (sanitarians) National Housing Association (NHA). Building codes. Zoning. Hoover's standardization effort. |
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Term
| Great depression *growth in urbanization* |
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Definition
Buildings: foreclosures on single family homes, some on apts
Finance: bank failures
Income: high unemployment in ag and industry. End of decade: unionization in industrial sector.
Ideology: More WITT in response to unemployment and poverty. More policy emphasizing controlling excess in industry
Policy: Federal Home Loan Bank. (FHLB) Homeowners Loan Corp. (HLC).
Federal Housing administrtion (FHA)
Fannie mae. Glass-steagall.
Public housing.
social security. |
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Term
Post wwII to 1960s
migrations: white urban hh move to suburbs
black hhs move north from south to cities
suburbaniztion connected to highway construction |
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Definition
Buildings: levittown
suburban home
deteriorating slums in inner city
Homeownership rate goes to low 60%
Finance: growth of s&ls
growth of mortgage companies in response to suburbanization
Income: lowest income gaps ever
growth of middle class
US domination of industrial processes
ongoing cold war
emerging technologies
Ideology: social movements
more WITT than YOYO, always contested
Policy: urban renewal
public housing
redevelopment
fair housing act (FHA)
unemployment insurnce
medicare
social security income |
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Term
crisis and response: 70s-80s
more suburbs, majority of US in suburbs (unusual), cities expand land at faster rate than population growth
edge cities
rural fringe |
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Definition
Buildings: more additions,
more amenities
condos are alternative
renters face high costs
homeowner rate remains flat
Finance: ARMs (adjustable rate mortgage)
jumbo loans
mortage-backed securities
S&L crisis
S&L bailout
FIRREA (Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989)
Crisis leads to higher ratio of mortage companies to S&L.
securitization
Income: deep recession in early 1970s, another in early 1980s.
Housing prices spike (a lot in 80s)
expansion of debt mortgages, personal debt (expansion of credit cards)
globalization moves industrial jobs overseas
Ideology: shift from WITT to YOYO
Earth day (growth of environmental sensibility, later impacts on housing, esp. smoke).
community control, structural unemployment
overseas
Policy: end of urban renewal
intro of section 8
state/local tax revolt against property taxes
HUD budget slashed in 1980s by 80%
CA: prop 13
Housing Element part of general plan
rent control expands
Inclusionary zoning |
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Term
1990s
congestion diminishes suburban life
ideal of 'infill'
new urbanism and smart growth
interest in transit oriented development |
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Definition
Buildings: mcmansion reaches peak
condo conversion
mortatoria in response to protest
increase in homeless
Finance: securitization on steroids
predatory lending
subprime lending
Income: income gap widens
affordability tanks
wages stagnant
growth of CDCs, community response to withdrawl of pub investment
Ideology: YOYO dominates, "neoliberalism", "washington consensus", rise in income gap within and between nations
Policy: financial services modernization act (repeals glass-stegall)
bank mergers
commodities futures
modernization act allows credit default swaps |
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Term
buildup to 2008 crash, present
recognition of land use role in climate change (AB 32 and SB 375)
new urbanism and smart growth spur interest in infill and city living
new devpt will be transit oriented devpt
loss of suburban housing due to crash |
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Definition
Buildings: mcmansionization continues until crash of 2008
Homeownership reaches 69% through speculative lending
crash results in waves of foreclosures that continue, trigger world economic crisis
Finance: securitization
CDOs out of subprime loans
bank mergers continue
credit default swaps part of world economic order
financialization mostly base on mortgage system
Income: income gap goes through roof
affordable housing and comm dvpt work at margins to replace withdrawl of pub investment in low inc coms
Ideology: entrenchment of YOYO overall
2008 crash raises questions of viability of YOYO
occupy raises issue of economic democracy
Policy: banks merge and expand
2008 crash = bank closures
troubled asset relief program (TARP) = bail out
Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP)
Dodd-Frank (re-regulation of banks)
euro bank crisis |
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