Term
ephemeral /ɪˈfem. ə r. ə l/ /-ɚ-/ adjective
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Definition
lasting for only a short time
Fame in the world of rock and pop is largely ephemeral.
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Term
antediluvian /ˌæn.ti.dɪˈluː.vi.ən/ /-t ̬i-/ adjective mainly humorous
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Definition
extremely old-fashioned
My mother has some hopelessly antediluvian ideas about the role of women.
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Term
antiquated /ˈæn.tɪ.kweɪ.tɪd/ /-t ̬ə.kweɪ.t ̬ɪd/ adjective
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Definition
old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern society
It will take many years to modernise these antiquated industries.
Compared with modern satellite dishes, ordinary TV aerials look positively antiquated.
antiquated ideas/attitudes/values
antiquated laws/machinery/technology
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Term
antiquity /ænˈtɪk.wɪ.ti/ /-wə.t ̬i/ noun
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Definition
1. [ U ] the distant past (= a long time ago) , especially before the sixth century
Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes since antiquity.
Before creating this sculpture, she studied all the masterpieces of classical antiquity.
2. [ C ] something of great age
Under Greek law, all antiquities that are discovered in Greece belong to the government.
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Term
archaic /ɑːˈkeɪ.ɪk/ /ɑːr-/ adjective
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Definition
of or belonging to the distant past (= a long time ago) ; from an ancient period in history
an archaic system of government
an archaic law/rule/language
archaically /ɑːˈkeɪ.ɪ.kli/ /ɑːr-/ adverb |
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Term
obsolete /ˌɒb.s ə lˈiːt/ /ˌɑːb-/ adjective
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Definition
not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable
Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented.
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Term
relic /ˈrel.ɪk/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
1. an object, tradition or system from the past which continues to exist
During the dig, the archeological team found some relics from the Stone Age.
The country's employment system is a relic of the 1960s when jobs were scarce.
2. a part of the body or something that belonged to a holy person
These bones are the relics of a 12th-century saint.
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Term
contemporary /kənˈtem.p ə r. ə r.i/ /-pə.rer-/ adjective
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Definition
EXISTING NOW 1. existing or happening now
Although it was written hundreds of years ago, it still has a contemporary (= modern) feel to it.
OF SAME PERIOD 2. belonging to the same or a stated period in the past
Almost all of the contemporary accounts of the event have been lost.
noun [ C ] 1. someone living during the same period as someone else
Was he a contemporary of Shakespeare's?
2. a person who is of the same age as you
She didn't mix with her contemporaries, preferring the company of older people.
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Term
inception /ɪnˈsep.ʃ ə n/ noun [ S ]
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Definition
the beginning of an organization or official activity
Since its inception in 1968, the company has been at the forefront of computer development.
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Term
innovation /ˌɪn.ə ʊ ˈveɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ C or U ]
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Definition
(the use of) a new idea or method
the latest innovations in computer technology
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Term
novel /ˈnɒv. ə l/ /ˈnɑː.v ə l/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
a long printed story about imaginary characters and events
a paperback novel
historical/romantic novels
Have you read any of Jane Austen's novels?
His latest novel is selling really well.
novel /ˈnɒv. ə l/ /ˈnɑː.v ə l/ adjective
new and original, not like anything seen before
a novel idea/suggestion
Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short!
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Term
unprecedented /ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ /-t ̬ɪd/ adjective
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Definition
never having happened or existed in the past
This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale . |
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Term
clandestine /klænˈdes.tɪn/ adjective formal
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Definition
planned or done in secret, especially describing something that is not officially allowed
The group held weekly clandestine meetings in a church.
He has been having a clandestine affair with his secretary for three years.
She undertook several clandestine operations for the CIA.
clandestinely /klænˈdes.tɪn.li/ adverb |
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Term
covert /ˈkəʊ.vɜːt/ /ˈkoʊ.vɝːt/ , /-ˈ-/ adjective
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Definition
hidden or secret
covert actions
The government was accused of covert military operations against the regime.
Compare overt
covert /ˈkʌv.ət/ /-ɚt/ noun [ C ]
a group of bushes and small trees growing close together in which animals can hide, especially from hunters |
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Term
furtive /ˈfɜː.tɪv/ /ˈfɝː.t ̬ɪv/ adjective
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Definition
(of people) behaving secretly and often dishonestly, or (of actions) done secretly and often dishonestly
I saw him cast a furtive glance at the woman at the table to his right.
He made one or two furtive phone calls.
There was something furtive about his behaviour and I immediately felt suspicious.
furtively /ˈfɜː.tɪv.li/ /ˈfɝː.t ̬ɪv-/ adverb
As she turned away I saw him sniff furtively under his arm.
furtiveness /ˈfɜː.tɪv.nəs/ /ˈfɝː.t ̬ɪv-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
inconspicuous /ˌɪn.kənˈspɪk.ju.əs/ adjective
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Definition
not easily or quickly noticed or seen; not attracting attention
This type of bird is very inconspicuous because of its dull feathers.
At parties, he always stands in a corner and tries to look inconspicuous.
inconspicuously /ˌɪn.kənˈspɪk.ju.ə.sli/ adverb |
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Term
sly /slaɪ/ adjective slyer , slyest
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Definition
1. deceiving people in a clever way in order to get what you want
He's a sly old devil - I wouldn't trust him with my money.
2. [ before noun ] seeming to know secrets
"You'll find out eventually," said Mary with a sly smile .
on the sly
If you do something on the sly, you do it secretly because you should not be doing it
He drives his mother's car on the sly while she's at work.
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Term
stealth /stelθ/ noun [ U ]
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Definition
movement which is quiet and careful in order not to be seen or heard, or secret action
These thieves operate with terrifying stealth - they can easily steal from the pockets of unsuspecting travellers.
It would seem that some politicians would prefer to use financial stealth rather than legislation to produce change.
The weapons had been acquired by stealth.
stealthy /ˈstel.θi/ adjective
stealthily /ˈstel.θɪ.li/ adverb |
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Term
surreptitious /ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.əs/ /ˌsɝː-/ adjective
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Definition
done secretly, without anyone seeing or knowing
She seemed to be listening to what I was saying, but I couldn't help noticing her surreptitious glances at the clock.
surreptitiously /ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.ə.sli/ /ˌsɝː-/ adverb
Joe surreptitiously had a look in the answer book.
surreptitiousness /ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.ə.snəs/ /ˌsɝː-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
unobtrusive /ˌʌn.əbˈtruː.sɪv/ adjective approving
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Definition
not noticeable; seeming to fit in well with the things around it or them
Make-up this season is unobtrusive and natural-looking.
unobtrusively /ˌʌn.əbˈtruː.sɪv.li/ adverb
unobtrusiveness /ˌʌn.əbˈtruː.sɪv.nəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
adversary /ˈæd.və.s ə r.i/ /ˈæd.vɚ.ser-/ noun [ C ] formal
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Definition
an enemy
He saw her as his main adversary within the company.
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Term
advocate /ˈæd.və.keɪt/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to publicly support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something
[ + -ing verb ] She advocates tak ing a more long-term view.
He advocates the return of capital punishment.
advocacy /ˈæd.və.kə.si/ noun [ U ]
She is renowned for her advocacy of human rights.
advocate /ˈæd.və.kət/ noun [ C ] LAWYER
1. a lawyer who defends someone in a court of law
advocate /ˈæd.və.kət/ noun [ C ] SUPPORTER
2. someone who publicly supports something
He's a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways.
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Term
artisan /ˈɑː.tɪ.zæn/ /ˈɑːr.t ̬ɪ-/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
a person who does skilled work with his or her hands |
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Term
ascetic /əˈset.ɪk/ /-ˈset ̬-/ adjective
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Definition
avoiding physical pleasures and living a simple life, often for religious reasons
They live a very ascetic life.
ascetically /əˈset.ɪ.kli/ /-ˈset ̬-/ adverb
asceticism /əˈset.ɪ.sɪ.z ə m/ /-ˈset ̬-/ noun [ U ]
ascetic /əˈset.ɪk/ /-ˈset ̬-/ noun [ C ]
someone who lives an ascetic life, often for religious reasons
He lived as an ascetic.
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Term
charlatan /ˈʃɑː.lə.t ə n/ /ˈʃɑːr.lə.t ̬ ə n/ noun [ C ] disapproving
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Definition
a person who pretends to have skills or knowledge that they do not have, especially in medicine |
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Term
hedonism /ˈhed. ə n.ɪ.z ə m/ noun [ U ]
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Definition
living and behaving in ways that mean you get as much pleasure out of life as possible, according to the belief that the most important thing in life is to enjoy yourself
hedonist /ˈhed. ə n.ɪst/ noun [ C ]
hedonistic /ˌhed. ə nˈɪs.tɪk/ adjective |
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Term
orator /ˈɒr.ə.tə r / /ˈɔːr.ə.t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
someone who is good at public speaking
a skilled orator
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Term
pariah /pəˈraɪə/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
| a person who is not accepted by a social group, especially because he or she is not liked, respected or trusted |
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Term
raconteur /ˌræk.ɒnˈtɜː r / /-ɑːnˈtɝː/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
someone who tells funny or interesting stories
He was a brilliant raconteur.
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Term
skeptic /ˈskep.tɪk/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
US for sceptic
a person who doubts
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Term
virtuoso /ˌvɜː.tjuˈəʊ.səʊ/ /ˌvɝː.tʃuˈoʊ.soʊ/ noun [ C ] plural virtuosos
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Definition
or virtuosi
a person who is extremely skilled at something, especially at playing an instrument or performing
Famous mainly for his wonderful voice, Cole was also a virtuoso on the piano.
virtuoso /ˌvɜː.tjuˈəʊ.səʊ/ /ˌvɝː.tʃuˈoʊ.soʊ/ adjective [ before noun ]
extremely skilled
The Times critic described her dancing as 'a virtuoso performance of quite dazzling accomplishment'.
virtuosity /ˌvɜː.tjuˈɒs.ɪ.ti/ /ˌvɝː.tʃuˈɑː.sə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] formal
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Term
extraneous /ɪkˈstreɪ.ni.əs/ adjective
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Definition
not directly connected with or related to something
extraneous information
These questions are extraneous to the issue being discussed.
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Term
frivolous /ˈfrɪv. ə l.əs/ adjective
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Definition
1. behaving in a silly and thoughtless way when you should be serious
I think he sees her as a frivolous young woman.
2. describes an activity or object which is silly or not important rather than useful or serious
I feel like doing something completely frivolous today.
frivolously /ˈfrɪv. ə l.ə.sli/ adverb
frivolousness /ˈfrɪv. ə l.ə.snəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
incidental /ˌɪn t .sɪˈden.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective
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Definition
less important than the thing something is connected with or part of
Try not to be distracted by incidental details.
The points you make are true, but they're incidental to the main problem.
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Term
inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒn t .sɪˈkwen. t ʃ ə l/ /-ˌkɑːn t -/ adjective
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Definition
not important
an inconsequential matter/remark
Most of what she said was pretty inconsequential.
inconsequentially /ɪnˌkɒn t .sɪˈkwen. t ʃ ə l.i/ /-ˌkɑːn t -/ adverb |
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Term
irrelevant /ɪˈrel.ɪ.v ə nt/ adjective
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Definition
not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore of no importance
These documents are largely irrelevant to the present investigation.
Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make the book available to the largest possible audience.
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Term
negligible /ˈneg.lɪ.dʒə.bl ̩/ adjective
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Definition
too slight or small in amount to be of importance
The difference between the two products is negligible.
My knowledge of German is negligible.
negligibly /ˈneg.lɪ.dʒə.bli/ adverb |
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Term
peripheral /pəˈrɪf. ə r. ə l/ /-ˈrɪf.ɚ-/ adjective
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Definition
1. describes something that is not as important as something else
The book contains a great deal of peripheral detail.
2. happening at the edge of something
A figure came into my peripheral vision.
peripheral /pəˈrɪf. ə r. ə l/ /-ˈrɪf.ɚ-/ noun [ C ] specialized
a piece of equipment, such as a printer, that can be connected to a computer |
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Term
petty /ˈpet.i/ /ˈpet ̬-/ adjective disapproving
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Definition
1. [ before noun ] not important and not worth giving attention to
Prisoners complain that they are subjected to too many petty rules and restrictions.
2. [ after noun ] complaining too much about things which are not important
Don't be so petty!
pettiness /ˈpet.ɪ.nəs/ /ˈpet ̬-/ noun [ U ]
It was the pettiness of their arguments that irritated her.
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Term
superficial /ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l/ /-pɚ-/ adjective
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Definition
NOT SERIOUS 1. disapproving (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important
He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.
adjective NOT COMPLETE 2. usually disapproving not complete and involving only the most obvious things
I thought that article was written at a very superficial level.
I only have a superficial (= slight) knowledge of French.
adjective FALSE APPEARANCE 3. appearing to be real or important when this is not true or correct
There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they're quite different in terms of performance.
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Term
| superficial /ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l/ /-pɚ-/ adjective |
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Definition
ONLY ON SURFACE 4. only on the surface of something
superficial damage
The driver only received superficial injuries/cuts/wounds.
superficiality /ˌsuː.pəˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti/ /-pɚˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.i/ noun [ U ]
superficially /ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l.i/ /-pɚ-/ adverb
The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.
Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.
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Term
trifling /ˈtraɪ.fl ̩.ɪŋ/ , /-flɪŋ/ adjective formal
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Definition
A trifling matter or amount of money is small or not important.
It was such a trifling sum of money to argue about!
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Term
trivial /ˈtrɪv.i.əl/ adjective
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Definition
1. having little value or importance
I don't know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial.
Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter .
2. describes a problem that is easy to solve
Getting computers to understand human language is not a trivial problem.
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Term
acute /əˈkjuːt/ adjective
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Definition
EXTREME 1. If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage
She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behaviour.
The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas.
2. An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe
acute abdominal pains
an acute attack of appendicitis
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Term
acute /əˈkjuːt/ adjective |
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Definition
ACCURATE/CLEVER
3. (of the senses, intelligence, etc.) very good, accurate and able to notice very small differences
acute eyesight/hearing
an acute sense of smell
a woman of acute intelligence/judgment
acute /əˈkjuːt/ adjective ANGLE
4. describes an angle that is less than 90 degrees
Compare obtuse (ANGLE) ; reflex (ANGLE)
acuteness /əˈkjuːt.nəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
astute /əˈstjuːt/ /-ˈstuːt/ adjective
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Definition
clever and quick to see how to take advantage of a situation
an astute investor/businesswoman
his astute handling of the situation
an astute observer of human behaviour
astutely /əˈstjuːt.li/ /-ˈstuːt-/ adverb
astuteness /əˈstjuːt.nəs/ /-ˈstuːt-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
discerning /dɪˈsɜː.nɪŋ/ /-ˈsɝː-/ adjective formal approving
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Definition
showing good judgment, especially about style and quality
a discerning customer
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Term
erudite /ˈer.ʊ.daɪt/ adjective formal
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Definition
having or containing a lot of specialist knowledge
He's the author of an erudite book on Scottish history.
erudition /ˌer.ʊˈdɪʃ. ə n/ noun [ U ]
a work of great erudition
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Term
incisive /ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv/ adjective
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Definition
expressing an idea or opinion in a clear and direct way which shows good understanding of what is important
incisive questions/comments
incisively /ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv.li/ adverb
incisiveness /ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv.nəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
ingenious /ɪnˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ adjective
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Definition
(of a person) very clever and skilful, or (of a thing) cleverly made or planned and involving new ideas and methods
an ingenious idea/method/solution
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
ingeniously /ɪnˈdʒiː.ni.ə.sli/ adverb
The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into your pocket.
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Term
judicious /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs/ adjective
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Definition
having or showing reason and good judgment in making decisions
We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.
judiciously /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.ə.sli/ adverb
a judiciously worded statement
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Term
judicious /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs/ adjective
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Definition
having or showing reason and good judgment in making decisions
We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.
judiciously /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.ə.sli/ adverb
a judiciously worded statement
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Term
perspicacious /ˌpɜː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃəs/ /ˌpɝː-/ adjective formal approving
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Definition
quick in noticing, understanding or judging things accurately
His perspicacious grandfather had bought the land as an investment, guessing that there might be gold underground.
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Term
prudent /ˈpruː.d ə nt/ adjective slightly formal
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Definition
avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful
[ + to infinitive ] It's always prudent to read a contract properly before signing it.
Opposite imprudent
prudence /ˈpruː.d ə n t s/ noun [ U ]
The firm was commended for its financial prudence.
prudently /ˈpruː.d ə nt.li/ adverb |
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Term
sagacious /səˈgeɪ.ʃəs/ adjective formal
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Definition
having or showing understanding and the ability to make good judgments; wise
a sagacious person/comment/choice
sagaciously /səˈgeɪ.ʃə.sli/ adverb
sagacity /səˈgæs.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
savvy /ˈsæv.i/ noun [ U ] informal
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Definition
practical knowledge and ability
She hasn't got much savvy.
business savvy
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Term
shrewd /ʃruːd/ adjective approving
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Definition
having or based on a clear understanding and good judgment of a situation, resulting in an advantage
[ + to infinitive ] He was shrewd enough not to take the job when there was the possibility of getting a better one a few months later.
She is a shrewd politician who wants to avoid offending the electorate unnecessarily.
It was a shrewd move to buy your house just before property prices started to rise.
shrewdly /ˈʃruːd.li/ adverb
She shrewdly predicted the stock market crash.
shrewdness /ˈʃruːd.nəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
acrid /ˈæk.rɪd/ adjective
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Definition
describes a smell or taste that is strong and bitter and causes a burning feeling in the throat
Clouds of acrid smoke issued from the building.
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Term
arid /ˈær.ɪd/ /ˈer-/ adjective
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Definition
1. very dry and without enough rain for plants
The desert is so arid that nothing can grow there.
2. formal unsuccessful
After several arid years, the company has started to become successful.
3. formal not interesting and showing no imagination
I found his writing extremely arid.
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Term
aesthetic , US also esthetic /esˈθet.ɪk/ /-ˈθet ̬-/ adjective
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Definition
1. relating to the enjoyment or study of beauty
The new building has little aesthetic value/appeal.
2. describes an object or a work of art that shows great beauty
furniture which is both aesthetic and functional
aesthetically , US also esthetically /esˈθet.ɪ.kli/ /-ˈθet ̬-/ adverb
I like objects to be both functional and aesthetically pleasing .
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Term
ascetic /əˈset.ɪk/ /-ˈset ̬-/ adjective
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Definition
avoiding physical pleasures and living a simple life, often for religious reasons
They live a very ascetic life.
ascetically /əˈset.ɪ.kli/ /-ˈset ̬-/ adverb
asceticism /əˈset.ɪ.sɪ.z ə m/ /-ˈset ̬-/ noun [ U ]
ascetic /əˈset.ɪk/ /-ˈset ̬-/ noun [ C ]
someone who lives an ascetic life, often for religious reasons
He lived as an ascetic.
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Term
atheist /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
someone who believes that God or gods do not exist
atheism /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪ.z ə m/ noun [ U ]
atheist adjective ( also atheistic ) |
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Term
ambiguous /æmˈbɪg.ju.əs/ adjective
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Definition
having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally
His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
The wording of the agreement is ambiguous.
The government has been ambiguous on this issue.
ambiguously /æmˈbɪg.ju.ə.sli/ adverb
Some questions were badly or ambiguously worded.
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Term
ambivalent /æmˈbɪv.ə.lənt/ adjective
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Definition
having two opposing feelings at the same time, or being uncertain about how you feel
I felt very ambivalent about leaving home.
He has fairly ambivalent feelings towards his father.
an ambivalent attitude to exercise
ambivalently /æmˈbɪv.ə.lənt.li/ adverb
ambivalence /æmˈbɪv.ə.lən t s/ noun [ U ]
the state of feeling or being ambivalent
her ambivalence towards men
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Term
coalesce /kəʊ.əˈles/ /koʊ-/ verb [ I ] formal
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Definition
If two or more things coalesce, they come or grow together to form one thing or system.
coalescence /kəʊ.əˈles. ə n t s/ /koʊ-/ formal
[ U ] the process of coalescing |
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Term
convalesce /ˌkɒn.vəˈles/ /ˌkɑːn-/ verb [ I ]
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Definition
to rest in order to get better after an illness
After your operation, you'll need to convalesce for a week or two.
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Term
delusion /dɪˈluː.ʒ ə n/ noun [ C or U ]
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Definition
when someone believes something that is not true
[ + that ] He's under the delusion that he will be promoted this year.
delusions of grandeur
the belief that you are more important or powerful than you really are |
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Term
allusion /əˈluː.ʒ ə n/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
something that is said or written that is intended to make you think of a particular thing or person
The film is full of allusions to Hitchcock.
Her novels are packed with literary allusions.
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Term
illusion /ɪˈluː.ʒ ə n/ noun
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Definition
1. [ C or U ] an idea or belief which is not true
He had no illusions about his talents as a singer.
I'm under no illusions (= I understand the truth) about the man I married.
My boss is labouring under the illusion that (= wrongly believes that) the project will be completed on time.
2. [ C ] something that is not really what it seems to be
A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space.
The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion.
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Term
imprudent /ɪmˈpruː.d ə nt/ adjective formal
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Definition
unwise, by failing to consider the likely results of your actions
The report criticizes the banks for being imprudent in their lending.
imprudence /ɪmˈpruː.d ə n t s/ noun [ U ] slightly formal |
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Term
impudent /ˈɪm.pjʊ.d ə nt/ adjective
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Definition
rude and not respectful, especially towards someone who is older or in a more important position
an impudent remark/child
impudence /ˈɪm.pjʊ.d ə n t s/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/ adjective
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Definition
naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place
Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area?
So who are the indigenous people of this land?
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Term
indigent /ˈɪn.dɪ.dʒ ə nt/ adjective formal
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Definition
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indigence /ˈɪn.dɪ.dʒ ə n t s/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
indignant /ɪnˈdɪg.nənt/ adjective
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Definition
angry because of something which is wrong or not fair
She wrote an indignant letter to the paper complaining about the council's action.
He became very indignant when it was suggested he had made a mistake.
indignantly /ɪnˈdɪg.nənt.li/ adverb
"I said no such thing!" she cried indignantly.
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Term
intimate /ˈɪn.tɪ.mət/ /-t ̬ə-/ adjective
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Definition
PERSONAL 1. having, or being likely to cause, a very close friendship or personal or sexual relationship
intimate relationships
The restaurant has a very intimate atmosphere .
He's become very intimate with an actress.
EXPERT 2. expert, detailed and obtained from a lot of studying or experience
She has an intimate knowledge of Tuscany, where she has lived for twenty years.
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Term
| intimately /ˈɪn.tɪ.mət.li/ /-t ̬ə-/ adverb |
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Definition
Well, I know who she is although I'm not intimately (= closely) acquainted with her.
She's been intimately involved in the project since it began.
intimate /ˈɪn.tɪ.mət/ /-t ̬ə-/ noun [ C ] formal
a close friend
Intimates of the star say that he has been upset by the personal attacks on him that have appeared in the press recently.
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Term
intimidate /ɪnˈtɪm.ɪ.deɪt/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do something that you want them to do
They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.
intimidation /ɪnˌtɪm.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ]
The campaign of violence and intimidation against them intensifies daily.
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Term
obscure /əbˈskjʊə r / /-ˈskjʊr/ adjective
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Definition
NOT KNOWN 1. not known to many people
an obscure island in the Pacific
an obscure 12th-century mystic
NOT CLEAR 2. not clear and difficult to understand or see
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
His answers were obscure and confusing.
verb [ T ] 1. to prevent something from being seen or heard
The sun was obscured by clouds.
2. to make something difficult to discover and understand
Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
obscurely /əbˈskjʊə.li/ /-ˈskjʊr-/ adverb
The minister's statement was obscurely worded.
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Term
obtuse /əbˈtjuːs/ /ɑːbˈtuːs/ adjective
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Definition
ANGLE 1. specialized (of an angle) more than 90° and less than 180°
adjective STUPID 2. formal stupid and slow to understand, or unwilling to try to understand
Surely the answer's obvious - or are you being deliberately obtuse?
obtusely /əbˈtjuː.sli/ /ɑːbˈtuː-/ adverb formal
obtuseness /əbˈtjuː.snəs/ /ɑːbˈtuː-/ noun [ U ] formal |
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Term
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Definition
| important enough to require a lot of thought |
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Term
ponderous /ˈpɒn.d ə r.əs/ /ˈpɑːn.dɚ-/ adjective formal mainly disapproving
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Definition
1. slow and awkward because of being very heavy or large
He had a rather slow and ponderous manner.
2. If a book, speech or style of writing or speaking is ponderous, it is boring because it is too slow, long or serious
The ponderous reporting style makes the evening news dull viewing.
ponderously /ˈpɒn.d ə r.ə.sli/ /ˈpɑːn.dɚ-/ adverb |
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Term
abridge /əˈbrɪdʒ/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to make a book, play or piece of writing shorter by removing details and information that is not important
The book was abridged for children.
abridged /əˈbrɪdʒd/ adjective
I've only read the abridged edition/version of her novel.
abridgment , abridgement /əˈbrɪdʒ.mənt/ noun [ C or U ] |
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Term
accessible /əkˈses.ə.bl ̩/ adjective
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Definition
1. able to be reached or easily got
The resort is easily accessible by road, rail and air.
The problem with some of these drugs is that they are so very accessible.
2. easy to understand
Lea Anderson is a choreographer who believes in making dance accessible.
Covent Garden has made some attempt to make opera accessible to a wider public.
accessibility /əkˌses.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ]
Two new roads are being built to increase accessibility to the town centre.
The accessibility of her plays means that she is able to reach a wide audience.
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Term
antidote /ˈæn.ti.dəʊt/ /-t ̬i.doʊt/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
1. a chemical, especially a drug, which limits the effects of a poison
Sales of nerve gas antidotes increased dramatically before the war.
2. a way of preventing or acting against something bad
Regular exercise is the best antidote to tiredness and depression.
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Term
aspire /əˈspaɪə r / /-ˈspaɪr/ verb
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Definition
aspire to sth phrasal verb
to have a strong want or hope to do or have something
Few people who aspire to fame ever achieve it.
[ + to infinitive ] As a child, he aspired to be a great writer.
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Term
autonomous /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.məs/ /ɑːˈtɑː.nə-/ adjective
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Definition
independent and having the power to make your own decisions
an autonomous region/province/republic/council
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Term
bolster /ˈbəʊl.stə r / /ˈboʊl.stɚ/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to support or improve something or make it stronger
More money is needed to bolster the industry.
She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.
They need to do something to bolster their image .
bolster /ˈbəʊl.stə r / /ˈboʊl.stɚ/ noun [ C ]
a long firm cylindrical pillow |
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Term
candour UK , US candor /ˈkæn.də r / /-dɚ/ noun [ U ]
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Definition
the quality of being honest and telling the truth, especially about a difficult or embarrassing subject
"We really don't know what to do about it, " she said with surprising candour.
See also candid
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Term
cynical /ˈsɪn.ɪ.k ə l/ adjective disapproving
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Definition
1. believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere
I think she takes a rather cynical view of men.
I've always been deeply cynical about politicians.
2. describes the use of someone's feelings or emotions to your own advantage
She works in that most cynical of industries - advertising.
He praises my cooking but it's just a cynical ploy to get me to make his meals.
cynically /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kli/ adverb
cynicism /ˈsɪn.ɪ.sɪ.z ə m/ noun [ U ]
He's often been accused of cynicism in his attitude towards politics.
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Term
fastidious /fæsˈtɪd.i.əs/ adjective
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Definition
1. giving too much attention to small details and wanting everything to be correct and perfect
He is very fastidious about how a suitcase should be packed.
2. having a strong dislike of anything dirty or unpleasant
They were too fastidious to eat in a fast-food restaurant.
fastidiously /fæsˈtɪd.i.ə.sli/ adverb
fastidiously clean/dressed
fastidiousness /fæsˈtɪd.i.ə.snəs/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
gratify /ˈgræt.ɪ.faɪ/ /ˈgræt ̬.ə-/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to please someone, or to satisfy a wish or need
We were gratified by the response to our appeal.
[ + to infinitive ] He was gratified to see how well his students had done.
gratification /ˌgræt.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌgræt ̬.ə-/ noun [ U ]
sexual gratification
Some people expect instant gratification (= to get what they want immediately) .
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Term
hamper /ˈhæm.pə r / /-pɚ/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to prevent someone doing something easily
Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors.
hamper /ˈhæm.pə r / /-pɚ/ noun [ C ]
hamper
1. a large rectangular container with a lid
a picnic hamper
2. UK a box containing food and drink, usually given as a present, for example at Christmas
3. US old-fashioned a container used for carrying dirty clothes and bed sheets and for storing them while they are waiting to be washed |
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Term
hardy /ˈhɑː.di/ /ˈhɑːr-/ adjective
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Definition
1. strong enough to bear extreme conditions or difficult situations
A few hardy souls continue to swim in the sea even in the middle of winter.
2. describes a plant that can live through the winter without protection from the weather
a hardy perennial
hardiness /ˈhɑː.dɪ.nəs/ /ˈhɑːr-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
homogeneous /ˌhɒm.əˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ , /ˌhəʊ.mə-/ /ˌhoʊ.moʊˈdʒiː-/
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Definition
adjective ( also homogenous )
consisting of parts or people which are similar to each other or are of the same type
a homogeneous group/society
The population of the village has remained remarkably homogeneous.
Compare heterogeneous
homogeneity /ˌhɒm.ə.dʒəˈneɪ.ɪ.ti/ /ˌhɑː.mə.dʒəˈneɪ.ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ]
cultural/racial homogeneity
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Term
integrity /ɪnˈteg.rə.ti/ /-t ̬i/ noun [ U ]
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Definition
HONESTY 1. approving the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
2. sb's artistic/professional, etc. integrity approving
someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job and their determination not to lower those standards
Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood offers.
WHOLE 3. formal the quality of being whole and complete
A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity.
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Term
intrepid /ɪnˈtrep.ɪd/ adjective
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Definition
extremely brave and showing no fear of dangerous situations
a team of intrepid explorers
intrepidly /ɪnˈtrep.ɪd.li/ adverb |
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Term
linger /ˈlɪŋ.gə r / /-gɚ/ verb [ I ]
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Definition
to take a long time to leave or disappear
After the play had finished, we lingered for a while in the bar hoping to catch sight of the actors.
The smell from the fire still lingered days later.
It's impossible to forget such horrific events - they linger (on) in the memory forever.
lingerer /ˈlɪŋ.g ə r.ə r / /-gɚ.ɚ/ noun [ C ] |
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Term
lofty /ˈlɒf.ti/ /ˈlɑːf-/ adjective
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Definition
POSITION 1. formal high
a lofty ceiling/mountain/wall
IDEAS 2. formal Lofty ideas etc. are of a high moral standard
3. disapproving If you have a lofty way of behaving or talking etc., you act as if you think you are better than other people
a lofty attitude/air/tone
loftily /ˈlɒf.tɪ.li/ /ˈlɑːf-/ adverb disapproving
loftiness /ˈlɒf.tɪ.nəs/ /ˈlɑːf-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
mock /mɒk/ /mɑːk/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
1. slightly formal to laugh at someone, often by copying them in a funny but unkind way
They were mocking him because he kept falling off his bike.
She made fun of him by mocking his limp.
2. to make something appear stupid or not effective
The wind mocked their attempts to reach the shore by pushing the boat further and further out to sea.
mock sth up phrasal verb [ M ]
to make a model of something in order to show people what it will look like or how it will work
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Term
mock /mɒk/ /mɑːk/ adjective [ before noun ]
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Definition
not real but appearing or pretending to be exactly like something
mock cream
mock leather
mock surprise
mock /mɒk/ /mɑːk/ noun [ C ] UK
an examination taken at school for practice before a real examination
You will have your mocks during the first two weeks of March.
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Term
nurture /ˈnɜː.tʃə r / /ˈnɝː.tʃɚ/ verb [ T ] formal
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Definition
HELP DEVELOP 1. to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop /She wants to stay at home and nurture her children. / a carefully nurtured garden 2. to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful /As a record company director, his job is to nurture young talent .
FOR A LONG TIME 3. to have a particular emotion, plan or idea for a long time
Winifred nurtured ambitions for her daughter to be a surgeon.
nurture /ˈnɜː.tʃə r / /ˈnɝː.tʃɚ/ noun [ U ]the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
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Term
opportunist /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nɪst/ /ˌɑː.pɚˈtuː-/ noun [ C ] usually disapproving
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Definition
someone who tries to get power or an advantage in every situation
He was portrayed as a ruthless opportunist who exploited the publicity at every opportunity.
opportunist /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nɪst/ /ˌɑː.pɚˈtuː-/ adjective ( also opportunistic ) usually disapproving
using a situation to get power or an advantage
It's said that a barking dog puts off the opportunist thief.
At half-time, United were leading with two opportunistic goals by Black.
opportunistically /ˌɒp.ə.tjuːˈnɪs.tɪ.kli/ /ˌɑː.pɚ.tuːˈnɪs.t ̬ɪ-/ adverb |
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Term
proximity /prɒkˈsɪm.ɪ.ti/ /prɑːkˈsɪm.ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] formal
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Definition
the state of being near in space or time
The best thing about the location of the house is its proximity to the town centre.
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Term
querulous /ˈkwer. j ʊ.ləs/ adjective
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Definition
often complaining, especially in a weak high voice
He became increasingly dissatisfied and querulous in his old age.
querulously /ˈkwer. j ʊ.lə.sli/ adverb |
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Term
recount /rɪˈkaʊnt/ verb [ T ] formal
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Definition
DESCRIBE
to describe how something happened; to tell a story
He recounted his adventures since he had left home.
[ + question word ] He was fond of recounting how he had played for Manchester United when he was 19.
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Term
rigor mortis /ˌrɪg.əˈmɔː.tɪs/ /-ɚˈmɔːr.t ̬ɪs/ noun [ U ] specialized
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Definition
the stiffness of the joints (= places where two bones are connected) and muscles of a dead body
Rigor mortis usually sets in between two and four hours after death.
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Term
saturate /ˈsæt.jʊ.reɪt/ /-jʊr.eɪt/ verb
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Definition
MAKE WET 1. [ T often passive ] to make something or someone completely wet
The grass had been saturated by overnight rain.
He had cut his leg badly, and his trousers were saturated with/in blood.
FILL 2. [ T ] to fill a thing or place completely so that no more can be added
The police saturated (= A large number of police officers were sent into) the area in an attempt to find the missing child.
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Term
saturation /ˌsæt.jʊˈreɪ.ʃ ə n/ /-jʊr-/
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Definition
3. saturate the market
to provide too much of a product so that there is more of this product available than there are people who want to buy it
Since the US market has now been saturated, drug dealers are looking to Europe.
saturation /ˌsæt.jʊˈreɪ.ʃ ə n/ /-jʊr-/ noun [ U ]
saturate /ˈsæt.jʊ.rət/ /-jʊr-/ noun [ C usually plural U ]
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Term
scrutinize , UK usually scrutinise /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/ /-t ̬ ə n.aɪz/ verb [ T ]
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Definition
to examine something very carefully in order to discover information
He scrutinized the men's faces carefully/closely, trying to work out who was lying.
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Term
surpass /səˈpɑːs/ /sɚˈpæs/ verb [ T ] formal
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Definition
to do or be better than
His time for the 100 metres surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second.
The book's success has surpassed everyone's expectations.
[ R ] The director has really surpassed himself (= done better than he has done before) with this new film.
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Term
tentative /ˈten.tə.tɪv/ /-ə.ɪv/ adjective
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Definition
(of a plan or idea) not certain or agreed, or (of a suggestion or action) said or done in a careful but uncertain way because you do not know if you are right
I have made tentative plans to take a trip to Seattle in July.
tentatively /ˈten.tə.tɪv.li/ /-ə.ɪv-/ adverb
If you do or say something tentatively, you do or say it in an uncertain way.
tentativeness /ˈten.tə.tɪv.nəs/ /-ə.ɪv-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
thrive /θraɪv/ verb [ I ] thrived or US ALSO throve , thrived or US ALSO thriven
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Definition
to grow, develop or be successful
His business thrived in the years before the war.
She seems to thrive on stress.
thriving /ˈθraɪ.vɪŋ/ adjective
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Term
tranquillity , US usually tranquility /træŋˈkwɪl.ɪ.ti/ /trænˈkwɪl.ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ]
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Definition
a peaceful calm state, without noise, violence, worry, etc.; the quality of being tranquil
living in peace and tranquillity
I love the tranquillity of the countryside.
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Term
uniform /ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːm/ /-fɔːrm/ noun [ C or U ]
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Definition
1. a particular set of clothes which has to be worn by the members of the same organization or group of people
military/school uniform
a nurse's uniform
I love a man in uniform!
Compare mufti
2. [ C ] a type of clothes that are connected with any group of people
Photographs show him wearing the scruffy T-shirt and jeans that were the student's uniform of the time.
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Term
uniformed /ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːmd/ /-fɔːrmd/ adjective |
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uniformed officers/police/soldiers
uniform /ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːm/ /-fɔːrm/ adjective
the same; not changing or different in any way
As in so many offices that you see, the walls and furniture are a uniform grey.
Small businesses are demanding that they receive uniform treatment from the banks.
uniformity /ˌjuː.nɪˈfɔː.mɪ.ti/ /-ˈfɔːr.mə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ]
uniformly /ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːm.li/ /-fɔːrm-/ adverb
Critics were uniformly enthusiastic about the production.
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Term
vilify /ˈvɪl.ɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ] formal
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Definition
to say or write unpleasant things about someone or something, in order to cause other people to have a bad opinion of them
He was vilified by the press as a monster of perversity.
vilification /ˌvɪl.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
whimsical /ˈwɪm.zɪ.k ə l/ adjective
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Definition
unusual and strange in a way that might be funny or annoying
a whimsical tale
Despite his kindly, sometimes whimsical air, he was a shrewd observer of people.
whimsically /ˈwɪm.zɪ.kli/ adverb
whimsicality /ˌwɪm.zɪˈkæl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] formal |
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Term
aggregate /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/ noun [ C or U ]
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Definition
something formed by adding together several amounts or things; a total
They purchased an aggregate of 3000 shares in the company.
aggregate /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/ adjective [ before noun ]
total
The seven companies have an aggregate turnover of £5.2 million.
aggregate /ˈæg.rɪ.geɪt/ verb [ T ]
to combine into a single group or total
aggregation /ˌæg.rɪˈgeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
audacious /ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃəs/ /ɑː-/ adjective
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Definition
showing a willingness to take risks or offend people
He described the plan as ambitious and audacious.
an audacious remark/suggestion
audaciously /ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃə.sli/ /ɑː-/ adverb
audaciousness /ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃə.snəs/ /ɑː-/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
aviary /ˈeɪ.vi.ə.ri/ /-er.i/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
a large cage (= area surrounded by wire or bars) or closed space in which birds are kept as pets |
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Term
complementary /ˌkɒm.plɪˈmen.t ə r.i/ /ˈkɑːm.plɪˈmen.t ̬ɚ-/ adjective
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Definition
useful or attractive together
complementary colours/flavours/skills
My family and my job both play an important part in my life, fulfilling separate but complementary needs.
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Term
debunk /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/ verb [ T ] informal
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Definition
to show that something is less important, less good or less true than it has been made to appear
The writer's aim was to debunk the myth that had grown up around the actress.
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Term
discrepancy /dɪˈskrep. ə n t .si/ noun [ C or U ] formal
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Definition
(a) difference between two things that should be the same
There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.
The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers.
discrepant /dɪˈskrep. ə nt/ adjective
discrepant figures
discrepant opinions/views
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Term
eclectic /ɪˈklek.tɪk/ adjective formal
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Definition
Methods, beliefs, ideas, etc. that are eclectic combine whatever seem the best or most useful things from many different areas or systems, rather than following a single system
an eclectic style /approach
an eclectic taste in literature
eclectically /ɪˈklek.tɪ.kli/ adverb
eclecticism /ɪˈklek.tɪ.sɪ.z ə m/ noun [ U ] |
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Term
excerpt /ˈek.sɜː p t/ /-sɝː p t/ noun [ C ]
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Definition
a short part taken from a speech, book, film, etc
An excerpt from her new thriller will appear in this weekend's magazine.
excerpt /ekˈsɜː p t/ /-ˈsɝː p t/ , /ˈ--/ verb [ T ] mainly US
This passage of text has been excerpted from her latest novel.
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Term
glacial /ˈgleɪ.si.əl/ adjective
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Definition
ICE/COLD
1. made or left by a glacier
glacial deposits
2. extremely cold
glacial temperatures
a glacial period
glacial /ˈgleɪ.si.əl/ adjective NOT FRIENDLY
3. extremely unfriendly
She gave me a glacial smile/stare.
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Term
insuperable /ɪnˈs j uː.p ə r.ə.bl ̩/ /-ˈsuː.pɚ-/ adjective formal
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Definition
(especially of a problem) so great or severe that it cannot be defeated or dealt with successfully
insuperably /ɪnˈs j uː.p ə r.ə.bli/ /-ˈsuː.pɚ-/ adverb |
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Term
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Definition
young, healthy, attractive and able to move and bend smoothly
He had the lithe, athletic body of a ballet dancer.
lithely /ˈlaɪð.li/ adverb |
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Term
misanthrope /ˈmɪs. ə n.θrəʊp/ /-θroʊp/ noun [ C ] ( also misanthropist
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Definition
)
someone who dislikes other people and avoids involvement with society
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Term
pitfall /ˈpɪt.fɔːl/ /-fɑːl/ noun [ C usually plural ]
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Definition
a likely mistake or problem in a situation
The store fell into one of the major pitfalls of small business, borrowing from suppliers by paying bills late.
There's a video that tells new students about pitfalls to avoid .
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Term
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Definition
to completely destroy a city, building, etc
The town was razed to the ground in the bombing raid - not a building was left standing.
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Term
replete /rɪˈpliːt/ adjective [ after verb ] formal
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Definition
1. full, especially with food
After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete.
2. well supplied
This car has an engine replete with the latest technology.
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Term
respite /ˈres.paɪt/ noun formal
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Definition
1. [ U ] a pause or rest from something difficult or unpleasant
We worked for hours without respite.
2. [ S ] a useful delay before something unpleasant happens
Their teacher was away, so they had a day's respite before their essays were due.
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Term
spurious /ˈspjʊə.ri.əs/ /ˈspjʊr.i-/ adjective
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Definition
false and not what it appears to be, or (of reasons and judgments) based on something that has not been correctly understood and therefore false
Some of the arguments in favour of shutting the factory are questionable and others downright spurious.
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Term
vaporize , UK usually vaporise /ˈveɪ.p ə r.aɪz/ /-pɚ.aɪz/ verb [ I or T ]
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Definition
to turn, or cause something to turn, from a solid or liquid state into gas
During surgery, doctors sometimes use a laser beam to vaporize tiny blood vessels.
Most meteorites striking the Earth vaporize instantly.
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