Term
| Functional unit of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the nephron (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Filtration, 2) reabsorption, 3) secretion |
|
|
Term
| Potassium regulation via reabsorption or secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium regulation via reabsorption or secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water regulation via reabsorption or secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acid-base regulation via reabsorption or secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones produced by the kidneys (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney hilum contents (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Renal a., 2) renal v., 3) renal pelvis, 4) ureter |
|
|
Term
| Which is larger: renal lobes or lobules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal columns consist of cortex or medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates renal lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uriniferous tubule = ___ + ___ |
|
Definition
| Uriniferous tubule = nephron + collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Nephron + collecting duct = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephron derived from metanephros or ureteric bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collecting duct derived from metanephros or ureteric bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross-level pathway of urine from capillary blood to minor calyx (8) |
|
Definition
| Glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → connecting tubule → collecting duct → duct of Bellini |
|
|
Term
| Arterial pathway through kidney to glomerulus (7) |
|
Definition
| Renal → segmental → interlobar → arcuate → interlobular → afferent arteriole → glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Blood pathway from interlobular a. to interlobular v. (7) |
|
Definition
| Interlobular a. → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → pertubular cap. → vasa recta → interlobuluar v. |
|
|
Term
| What artery in the kidney has no corresponding vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes EPO in the kidney |
|
Definition
| Interstitial cells associated with peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Collecting ducts descend via what named region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal lobules are bounded by what arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal corpuscle = ___ + ___ |
|
Definition
| Renal corpuscle = glomerulus + Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poles of the renal corpuscle (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| Extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| Type of endothelium in the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Notably, what usually does not pass through the glomerular endothelium (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) RBC's, 2) macromolecules larger than 70-90 nm |
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina layers of the glomerulus (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Lamina rara interna, 2) lamina densa, 3) lamina rar externa |
|
|
Term
| Which basal lamina layer is the thickest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of the cells comprising the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Podocytes interdigitate with what structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Space between podocyte pedicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane that spans pedicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary molecular filter of the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slit diaphragm contains pores made by what proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Space in the Bowman's capsule continuous with the PCT |
|
Definition
| Urinary space aka Bowman's space ["urinary space" is what is on the superlist] |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the PCT |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal with very prominent microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Why do epithelial cells of the PCT have significant amounts of mitochondria |
|
Definition
| Active transport for reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Which is more prominent in the cortex: PCT or DCT |
|
Definition
| PCT since it is longer than the DCT |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the thick limbs of the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the thin limbs of the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na/K flow in the DCT is regulated by what hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the DCT |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal with few microvilli [distinctly fewer than PCT] |
|
|
Term
| Which has smaller cells: PCT or DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has fewer microvilli: PCT or DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has "missing" nuclei on cross-sections: PCT or DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epitheium type of collecting ducts |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal → simple columnar |
|
|
Term
| Which duct has cells that bulge into the lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which duct has cells that have prominent intercellular limits |
|
Definition
| Collecting ducts/ducts of Bellini |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of the ducts of Bellini |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Macula dense, 2) extraglomerular mesangial, 3) JG cells |
|
|
Term
| Macula densa cells exist in which tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| JG cells exist in which tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which cells |
|
Definition
| Extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which tube [NB: red arrow indicates flow] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which tube [NB: red arrow indicates flow] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which cells |
|
Definition
| Intraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| Green arrow points to which cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of excretory pathway after ducts of Bellini |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undistended bladder has a ruffled appearance, the ruffles are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dome shaped cells in an undistended bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue of lamina propria of transitional epithelium |
|
Definition
| Loose irregular with elastin |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue of adventitia/serosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions of the male urethra (3; proximal to distal) |
|
Definition
| Prostatic → membranous → spongy |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of prostatic urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of membranous urethra |
|
Definition
| Stratified columnar/patchy pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of spongy urethra |
|
Definition
| non-keratinized stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| Function of glands of Littre |
|
Definition
| Lubrication of epithelium in urethra |
|
|
Term
| Cells that phagocytocize in the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that create basal lamina in the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In some pathologies of the kidney, which layer gets thinner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Juxtamedullary, 2) superficial |
|
|
Term
| Which nephron type extends deeper into the medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of clearing a defined volume of plasma of solutes and water over a given period of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules > 7 kDa are generally excluded from filtration if they are __ [+ or -] charged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes mellitus can lead to ___ in the urine: this is called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much protein is found in ultrafiltrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's unique about glomerular capillary pressure |
|
Definition
| Significantly higher pressure than normal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Normal glomerular capillary pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased efferent artiole resistance: increased or decreased glomerular capillary pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased afferent artiole resistance: increased or decreased glomerular capillary pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ L/day of ultrafiltrate produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excreted = ___ - ___ + ___ |
|
Definition
| Excreted = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted |
|
|
Term
| ___ = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted |
|
Definition
| Excreted = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted |
|
|
Term
| Oncotic pressure of Bowman's space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clearance = ___ * ___ / ___ |
|
Definition
| Clearance = concentration in urine * urine flow rate / plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
| ___ = concentration in urine * urine flow rate / plasma concentration |
|
Definition
| Clearance = concentration in urine * urine flow rate / plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
| If concentration of a substance increases in the urine, then clearance: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If concentration of a substance increases in the plasma, then clearance: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If urine flow rate increases in the urine, then clearance: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two substances used as surrogates for glomerular filtration rate (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is inulin good for estimating GFR |
|
Definition
| Freely filtered, not reabsorbed, not secreted |
|
|
Term
| Why is creatinine good for estimating GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a drawback of using creatinine for GFR estimation from a clearance perspective |
|
Definition
| Creatinine is both filtered and secreted |
|
|
Term
| Does creatinine __ [under- or overestimate] GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a drawback of using creatinine for GFR estimation from a plasam creatinine concentration perspective |
|
Definition
| Creatinine is not linearly proportional to GFR and normal creatinine levels correspond to the flatter region of the curve |
|
|
Term
| What other variables can be used to adjust GFR estimation from creatinine (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure region of best flow autoregulation in kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient becomes severely hypotensive, what happens with the kidneys |
|
Definition
| Out of autoregulation range → kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| Where is most of the work done in the nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Notable cells of the collecting duct (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Principal, 2) intercalated |
|
|
Term
| Process by which solutes & water are removed fromt he renal tubular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium balance is largely: reabsorption or secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ mmol Na filtered per day; __ mmol excreted per day |
|
Definition
| 25,500 filtered; 100 excreted (~0.4%) |
|
|
Term
| Many substances (e.g., water, Na, HCO3) are reabsorbed >__ % |
|
Definition
| >99% [for example, 99.2% for water, 99.4% for Na] |
|
|
Term
| Are apical co-transporters typically electrogenic: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na-K ATPase is found in which membrane: apical or basolateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions exist where in the nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Predominant route of reabsorption in PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion is used heavily for what substances (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) K+, 2) drugs, 3) urea/uric acid, 4) H+ |
|
|
Term
| PCT: dilution or concentration of filtrate |
|
Definition
| Neither, no change: iso-osmotic |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption is used heavily for what substances (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) H2O, 2) Na+, 3) HCO3-, 4) Glc, 5) AA's |
|
|
Term
| Which segment is the diluting segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick ascending limb: dilution or concentration of filtrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of filtered load is reabsorbed in PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of filtered solutes is reabsorbed in thick ascending limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na-K-2Cl symporter is found in which membrane: apicla or basolateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impermeable to solutes but freely permeable to water: ascending or descending limb |
|
Definition
| Descending limb [concentration] |
|
|
Term
| Impermeable to water but freely permeable to solutes: ascending or descending limb |
|
Definition
| Ascending limb [dilution] |
|
|
Term
| Which exchanger helps in HCO3 reabsorption in distal tubule & collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of filtered solutes is reabsorbed in thick distal tubule & collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of what substances in distal tubule & collecting duct (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which segment is the concentrating segment |
|
Definition
| Distal tubule and collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Inital segment of the distal tubule: water permeable or impermeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal cells reabsorb __ and secrete __ |
|
Definition
| Reabsorb Na and secrete K |
|
|
Term
| Principal cells reabsorb __ but only in the presence of ___ |
|
Definition
| Reabsorbe H2O in the presence of ADH |
|
|
Term
| Intercalated cells secrete __ and make ___ |
|
Definition
| Secrete H+ and make HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| If GFR increases, would Na reabsorption: increase, decrease, not change |
|
Definition
| Increase GFR → increase filtration & reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Increased SNS activity __ [increases or decreases] renal blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased SNS activity __ [increases or decreases] GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased SNS activity __ [increases or decreases] renin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased SNS activity __ [increases or decreases] Na reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine __ [enhances or reduces] Na excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone works by stimulation __ reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH alters the number of ___ |
|
Definition
| Open water channels [aquaporins] |
|
|
Term
| ANP inhibis __ transport in the ___ |
|
Definition
| Inhibits Na transport in the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| An increase in serum creatinine indicates an __ [increase or decrease] in eGFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The highest change in eGFR for the same change in creatinine will happen at __ [higher or lower] creatinine levels |
|
Definition
| Lower because the creatinine/eGFR curve is flatter at lower [creatinine] |
|
|
Term
| ACE-1 inhibitors __ [dilate or constrict] the __ [afferent or efferent] arteriole of the glomerulus |
|
Definition
| Dilates the efferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| How is an ACE-1 inhibitor kidney-protective for those with hypertension |
|
Definition
| Reduces glomerular pressure |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of Na-K ATPase will __ [increase or decrease] sodium excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An infant has a body-surface area of 0.2 m², what is the daily urine production |
|
Definition
| 500 mL/day/m² * 0.2 m² = 100 mL/day [500 mL/day/m² is a good guesstimate] |
|
|
Term
| An infant has a GFR of 21 L/day, what is the daily urine production |
|
Definition
| 21 L/day * (1 - 99.2%) = 168 mL/day [99.2% water reabsorption] |
|
|
Term
| A 10 kg infant has a decreased reabsorption to 90% with a GFR of 20 L/day, __ mL/kg formula is needed to stay hydrated |
|
Definition
| 20 L/day * (1 - 90%) = 2 L/day urine; 2 L / 10 kg = 200 mL/kg formula |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of water homeostasis are disorders of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About __% in men & __% in women is water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is divided into __% intracellular & __% extracellular [of total body water] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of ECF water, __% is interstitial & __% is plasma & __% is transcellular |
|
Definition
| 75% intersitial, 20% plasma, 5% transcellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posm = 2*[Na] + [Glucose]/18 + BUN/2.8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is urea an effective osmole: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, except under very high concetrations |
|
|
Term
| Is sodium an effective osmole: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertonic solution would make a cell: shrink or swell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypotonic solution would make a cell: shrink or swell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isotonic solution would make a cell: shrink or swell |
|
Definition
| Neither, it would be alive & happy |
|
|
Term
| Insensible waer loss is about __ L/day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What water homeostasis considertion is there for a patient on a ventilator & IV fluids |
|
Definition
| Ventilators are humidified so decreased insensible loss and IV fluid intake should be reduced |
|
|
Term
| At which section of the nephron does water homeostasis affect concentration of filtrate |
|
Definition
| After the PCT [PCT is iso-osmotic reabsorption] |
|
|
Term
| Which is more sensitive: baroreceptors or osmolar sensors |
|
Definition
| Osmolar sensors [1% change] |
|
|
Term
| Which ultimate dominates the other: baroreceptors or osmolar sensors |
|
Definition
| Baroreceptors [BP more important] |
|
|
Term
| Which is representive of hypovolemia: green, red, or blue curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is representive of normovolemia: green, red, or blue curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is representive of hypervolemia: green, red, or blue curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which detect low BP: aortic arch, carotid sinus, left atrium, pulmonary vasculature |
|
Definition
| Left atrium & pulmonary vasculature |
|
|
Term
| Which detect high BP: aortic arch, carotid sinus, left atrium, pulmonary vasculature |
|
Definition
| Aortic arch & carotid sinus |
|
|
Term
| Which CN's carry baroreceptor afferents (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary messenger of ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of ADH on renal tubules (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Reabsorb water, 2) reabsorb urea |
|
|
Term
| What gets phosphorylated by PKA due to ADH (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) AQP2 synthesis, 2) promotion of AQP2 to apical membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are aquaporins not constitutively expressed |
|
Definition
| Ascending limb of loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes insipidus: absence or excessive ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SIADH: absence or excessive ADH |
|
Definition
| Excessive [Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes insipidus: hypo- or hypernatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SIADH: hypo- or hypernatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Max mOsm of the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending loop of Henle: concentration or dilution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascending loop of Henle: concentration or dilution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the concentration & dilution of filtrate in the loop of Henle useful |
|
Definition
| Permits control of final concentration as well as urine volume |
|
|
Term
| Which dominates in cortex: urea or Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dominates in outer medulla: urea or Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dominates in inner medulla: urea or Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH prevents diuresis so why is its effect to increase permeability |
|
Definition
| Concentration gradient in the kidney draws water & urea out of the collecting duct, otherwise it would stay in and form dilute urine |
|
|
Term
| Urea is generally considered an ineffective osmole, so why does it matter in the kidney |
|
Definition
| In the kidney, it becomes an effective osmole [an exception to generally being an ineffective osmole] |
|
|
Term
| __% urea & __% NaCl in deepest inner medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% urea remains in collecting duct at the end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% urea is removed by vasa recta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nephrons have reater concentrating ability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might diet impact kidney function |
|
Definition
| Decreased protein → decreased urea → decreased concentrating ability |
|
|
Term
| How might the concentrating gradient be disrupted (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Excessive water consumption (>20 L/day), 2) diuretics |
|
|
Term
| What's special about the vasa recta as it relates to the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| Acts as a countercurrent exchanger |
|
|
Term
| How is bodily Na+ content determined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is bodily ECF volume content determined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines ECF volume |
|
Definition
| Sodium content [NOT concentration] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PO4 [only one I made a card for major ions because you should already know the rest] |
|
|
Term
| Consuming more Na than excreted: positive or negative balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excreting more Na than consumed: positive or negative balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things the juxtaglomerular apparatus does (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Baroreceptor that secretes renin, 2) [Na] sensor that alters GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased wall tension, 2) increased SNS activity, 3) decreased [NaCl] |
|
|
Term
| Antiotensin II effects (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Na/water resorption, 2) vasoconstriction, 3) dipsogenia, 4) ADH release |
|
|
Term
| Under hypovolemia, why is resorption of Na crucial |
|
Definition
| Resorption of water alone would distribute to ICF (60% of TBW) but resorption of Na puts more water into ECF |
|
|
Term
| Renin's effect on adrenal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very ultimate goal of increasing renin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS activity on the nephron (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decrease GFR, 2) increase Na reabsorption, 3) increase renin secretion |
|
|
Term
| __% Na remaining after loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% Na reamining after PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal Starling forces with edema (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased hydrostatic forces, 2) decreased oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders of Na homeostasis are disorders of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most important hormone regulating Na balance |
|
Definition
| Renin [and downstream hormones] |
|
|
Term
| Hypovolemia leads to enhanced Na reabsorption where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypervolemia leads to diminished Na reabsorption where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key points for restoring water balance from hypovolemia (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient can have maximum 500 mOsm/kg H2O concentration of urine and consumes 750 mOsm daily, what is minimum water intake based on this |
|
Definition
| 750/500 = 1.5 kg = 1.5 L H2O |
|
|
Term
| Which responds to low Na content: ADH or aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which responds to hypovolemia: ADH or aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is drinking just water when volume depleted dangerous |
|
Definition
| ADH + aldosterone will reabsorb most of the water further diluting Na |
|
|
Term
| Patient has low serum [Na] and hypovolemia, would you expect urine [Na] to be: low, normal, high |
|
Definition
| Low because of aldosterone leading to Na reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Patient has low serum [Na] and hypovolemia, what fluid resuscitation would you give |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you say about the Na content of urine on a diuretic vs. not [assuming all else equal] |
|
Definition
| Na content of urine will increase |
|
|
Term
| What can you say about the Na concentration of urine on a diuretic vs. not [assuming all else equal] |
|
Definition
| Na concentration of urine will decrease |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of potassium (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) ECF/ICF distribution (internal balance), 2) renal excretion (external balance) |
|
|
Term
| __% of body potassium is in ICF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest aggregate store of bodily potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100 mmol/day of K is eaten, 10 is lost to feces: how much in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin moves potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPI moves potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
| Both: α is out of, β is into cells |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone moves potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone __ [increases or decreases] potassium excretion by the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does respiration affect potassium homeostasis: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inorganic acidosis stimulates potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
| Out of cells due to shift of H+ into cells |
|
|
Term
| Organic acidosis stimulates potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
| Neither, little to no effect |
|
|
Term
| Alkalosis stimulates potassium __ [into or out of] cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased plasma [K]: inorganic acidosis, organic acidosis, alkalosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased plasma [K]: inorganic acidosis, organic acidosis, alkalosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of intracellular K+ flooding [my own word, deal with it] into the blood (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hemolysis, 2) rhabdomyolysis |
|
|
Term
| Vigorous exercise leads to an __ [increase or decrease] in plasma [K] |
|
Definition
| Increase [my guess is caused by lots of depolarization overwhelming Na-K ATPase] |
|
|
Term
| If water moves into a cell, would plasma [K]: increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods to reduce hyperkalemia acutely (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Insulin+Glc, 2) β-agonists, 3) HCO3, 4) dialysis |
|
|
Term
| __% of potassium is reabsorbed in the PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of potassium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum possible % remaining of filtered potassium in urine |
|
Definition
| 2% [obligatory loss regardless of potassium status] |
|
|
Term
| __ to __% of filtered potassium can be secreted by the __ |
|
Definition
| 20-180% by the distal nephron [connecting duct?] |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of K in PCT is: active or passive |
|
Definition
| Passive, and follows H2O & Na+ |
|
|
Term
| Cell types in the distal nephron that deal with potassium (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Intercalated cells, 2) principal cells |
|
|
Term
| Which cell type in the distal nephron absorbs potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell type in the distal nephron secretes potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell type in the distal nephron that deals with potassium is affected by aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercalated cell: what channel/pump moves K+ across the apical membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercalated cell: what channel/pump moves K+ across the basolateral membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal cell: what channel/pump moves K+ across the apical membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal cell: what channel/pump moves K+ across the basolateral membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone affects what ion channels |
|
Definition
| Epithelial Na channel (ENaC) |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism does aldosterone drive K movement |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone stimulates ENaC that provides Na for Na-K ATPase to bring more K into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which drives K secretion: hyper- or hypokalemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperaldosteronism: hypokalemic or hyperkalemic |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemic due to principal cell secretion |
|
|
Term
| Hyperaldosteronism: hypotensive or hypertensive |
|
Definition
| Hypertensive due to high sodium retention through ENaC |
|
|
Term
| An increase in tubular flow __ [increases or decreases] potasium secretion |
|
Definition
| Increases potassium secretion |
|
|
Term
| A decrease in potassium electrochemical gradient results from a(n) __ [increases or decreases] in tubular flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased distal Na delivery results in __ [increased or decreased] potassium secretion |
|
Definition
| Increased [from increased Na reabsorption and more negative lumun driving K secretion] |
|
|
Term
| Translumenal voltage of the distal tubule is about __ mV |
|
Definition
| -15 to -50 mV [lumen is more negative] |
|
|
Term
| An increased non-reabsorbable anions in the lumen will lead to a(n) __ [increased or decreased] potassium secretion |
|
Definition
| Increased secretion due to larger electrical gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ gets rid of volatile acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ gets rid of non-volatile acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ meq/kg/day of H+ generated normally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major acid/base buffer in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH = 6.1 + [HCO3-]/(0.03*pCO2) |
|
|
Term
| If [HCO3-] increases, pH: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pCO2 increases, pH: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To maintain pH, if [HCO3-] increases then pCO2 must: increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in pH due to HCO3: metabolic or respiratory disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in pH due to pCO2: metabolic or respiratory disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) H+ as H2PO4, 2) creatinine, 3) uric |
|
|
Term
| Na-H antiporter puts which into the tubular lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ ATPase puts H+ into: the tubular lumen or cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is tubular lumen HCO3 transported acros the apical membrane |
|
Definition
| As H2O and CO2 [so it is split in the lumen and reassembled in the cell] |
|
|
Term
| How much of HCO3 is excreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of HCO3 is reabsorbed by the DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia __ [stimulates or inhibits] H+ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypokalemia __ [stimulates or inhibits] H+ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased parathyroid hormone would __ [increase or decrease] lumenal H+ |
|
Definition
| Decrease [inhibition of Na-H antiporter] |
|
|
Term
| How is a titratable acid make HCO3 in the nephron |
|
Definition
| Loss of H+ to lumen → OH + CO2 → HCO3 in the cell |
|
|
Term
| __ Glu ↔ __ HCO3 + __ NH4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does NH3 cross the tubule wall |
|
Definition
| Diffusion through the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| How does NH4 cross the tubule wall |
|
Definition
| Paracellularly out of the tubule |
|
|
Term
| If H+ secretion is lost or diminished, how will NH3 excretion be affected |
|
Definition
| Decreased NH3 excretion because keeping it in the lumen is dependent upon protonation to NH4 |
|
|
Term
| What happens to glutamine metabolism enzymes during acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NH4 production stimulated by: hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia [by unknown mechanism] |
|
|
Term
| Renal tubular acidoses caused by (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) PCT H+ secretion defect, 2) DCT H+ secretion defect, 3) inadequate NH4 production |
|
|
Term
| What disorder: low pH, change in HCO3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: low pH, change in pCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: high pH, change in HCO3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: high pH, change in pCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First line of defense to acid-base disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second line of defense to acid-base disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Third line of defense to acid-base disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal changes in response to acid-base disorders has what time frame |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a more significant for HCO3: increasing reabsorption or loss of reabsorption |
|
Definition
| Loss of reabsorption since reabsorption is near maximal normally |
|
|
Term
| What disorder: ↓[HCO3], ↓pCO2, ↓pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: ↑[HCO3], ↑pCO2, ↑pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: ↑[HCO3], ↑pCO2, ↓pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder: ↓[HCO3], ↓pCO2, ↑pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: diabetic ketoacidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: excessive intake of antacids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: drug-induced depression of respiratory centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic acidosis: compensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic alkalosis: compensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory acidosis: compensation |
|
Definition
| Increased plasma HCO3, increased NH4 excretion |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory alkalosis: compensation |
|
Definition
| Decreased plasma HCO3, decreased NH4 excretion |
|
|
Term
| Steps to determine acid-base disorder (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Assess pH for acidosis/alkalosis, 2) assess HCO3 & pCO2 for metabolic or respiratory |
|
|
Term
| HCO3 cutoff when assessing if metabolic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pCO2 cutoff when assessing if respiratory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin injection might lead a normal person to: hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia [it's what insulin does] |
|
|
Term
| Increase plasma osmolality might lead a normal person to: hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia [through solvent drag of K out of cell] |
|
|
Term
| A β antagonist might lead a normal person to: hypokalemia or hyperkalamia |
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia by blocking β receptors [they stimulate K uptake] |
|
|
Term
| A person is hyponatremic, what is their potassium likely to be |
|
Definition
| Normokalemic [Na has no effect on K] |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone deficiency might lead a person to: hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia [aldosterone reabsorbs Na, excretes K; so deficiency would not do that] |
|
|
Term
| Decreasing distal tubular flow might lead a person to: hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia [low flow → low K secretion] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 65 yo with COPD, oxygen dependent |
|
Definition
| Respiratory acidosis [insufficient ventilation] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 27 yo with pneumonia & resp rate of 32 |
|
Definition
| Respiratory alkalosis [high resp → low pCO2] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 46 yo with ulcerative colitis & 8 bowel movements/day |
|
Definition
| Metabolic acidosis [loss of HCO3] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 53 yo with food poisoning & 8 episodes of vomitting |
|
Definition
| Metabolic alkalosis [loss of stomach acid] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 37 yo with inhaled anesthesia with paralytics |
|
Definition
| Respiratory acidosis [not breathing and doesn't say he's on a ventilator] |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 types of acid-base disorders: 75 yo with COPD, oxygen dependent |
|
Definition
| Respiratory acidosis [insufficient ventilation] |
|
|
Term
| What would be the difference be between someone with COPD, and someone who is paralyzed & not on a ventilator |
|
Definition
| Both have resiratory acidosis but COPD compensates with higher HCO3 to move pH more toward normal [but not all the way normal] |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the digestive tract (4; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Mucosa → submucosa → muscularis externa → serosa/adventitia |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the mucosa (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| epithelium → lamina propria → musclaris mucosae |
|
|
Term
| Named layer of the submucosa and what kind of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Meissner's plexus in dense irregular |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the muscularis externa (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Circular muscle → Auerbach's plexus → longitudinal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Which is deeper: circular or longitudinal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meissner's plexus in which layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auerbach's plexus in which layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is it called adventitia instead of serosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the GI tract have adventitia (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Esophagus, 2) duodenum except 1st segment, 3) ascending colon, 4) descending colon, 5) rectum except last part which is extraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| Type of connective tissue in the lamina propria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the mucosa may contain glands & MALT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is muscularis mucosae absent (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Oral cavity, 2) anal canal |
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is indicated by D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hirschprung disease is loss of the ENS: distally or proximally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of muscle in the muscularis externa near the oral cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of muscle in the muscularis externa in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of muscle in the muscularis externa near the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue of the serosa/adventitia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Masticatory, 2) specialized, 3) lining |
|
|
Term
| Hard palate: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ginigiva: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal tongue: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral tongue: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lips: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soft palate: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cheeks: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial type of masticatory mucosa (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Keratinized, 2) parakeratinzed |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial type of specialized mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial type of lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| Non-keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Mucoperisoteum: masticatory, specialized, lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the mucoperiosteum (3; superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
| Epithelium → lamina propria → perisoteum of underlying bone [so no submucosa, no muscularis externa, & no serosa/adventitia] |
|
|
Term
| Specialized mucosa has what special structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma usually involves which oral mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chief risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aphthous stomatitis involves on which oral mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Herpes simplex virusa 1 (HSV-1) |
|
|
Term
| Cold sores affect only which kind of epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Filiform, 2) fungiform, 3) circumvallate, 4) foliate |
|
|
Term
| Which type of papillae is this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of papillae is this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of papillae is this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of papillae is this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is papila synonymous with taste bud: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae have taste buds (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae do not have taste buds |
|
Definition
| Filiform [fungiform do not, Swailles corrected this in class] |
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is most numerous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is what gives cow & cat tongues their texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type has very thick keratin layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is irregularly arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is lightly keratinized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is found in front of the terminal sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type has serous glands of von Ebner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is poorly developed in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papilla type is located in posterolateral surface of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sense cell of the taste bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cells of the taste bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are taste receptors found in the taste bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathway of taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue |
|
Definition
| Gustatory cells → chorda tympani n. → CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Pathway of taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the tooth in relation to the gum (3; superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the tooth (3; superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bony socket surrounding the root of the tooth |
|
Definition
| Alveolus [remember hunting down S. & I. alveolar nn.?] |
|
|
Term
| Bone-like material surrounding the root of the tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue between cementum & alveolus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulp [contents] or pulp cavity [space in which pulp resides] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enamel is __% hydroxyapatite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dentin is __% calcium hydroxyapatite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of a tooth is lost during histological preparation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is represented by 3 [specifically the striations] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dentin consists of what components (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ca hydroxyapatite, 2) type 1 collagen, 3) GAG's, 4) dentinal tubules |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue of the pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contents of dentinal tubules (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Odontal processes, 2) demyelinated nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Cementum, 2) periodontal ligament, 3) alveolar bone, 4) gingiva |
|
|
Term
| What periodontum part is indicated by 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What periodontum part is indicated by 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What periodontum part is indicated by 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What periodontum part is not shown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the periodontum permits slight movement of the tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar bone is what bone type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does scurvy significantly affect the teeth |
|
Definition
| Peridontal ligament has a high rate of collagen turnover |
|
|
Term
| Stages of tooth development (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental bud forms from ingrowth of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental bud invaginates around ___ [cells of what germ layer] that forms the ___ |
|
Definition
| Ecto-mesenchyme that forms the dental papilla |
|
|
Term
| Dental bud invaginates and becomes the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental follicle cells becomes the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental papilla becomes the (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stellate/enamel reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner enamel epithelium becomes what cells through reciprocal induction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal induction: which forms first: odontoblasts or ameloblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal induction: what causes odontoblasts to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal induction: what causes ameloblasts to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal induction: steps (4) |
|
Definition
| Enamel organ induces odontoblasts → dentin formation → dentin induces ameloblasts → enamel formation |
|
|
Term
| Root creation is induced by what |
|
Definition
| Downgroth of enamel organ and dental follicle |
|
|
Term
| Transition point between foregut & midgut |
|
Definition
| Distal part of 2nd/descending duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Transition point between midgut & hindgut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-keratinized stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| Mucous glands of distal esophagus of the lamina propria |
|
Definition
| Esophageal cardiac glands |
|
|
Term
| Mucous glands of esophagus in submucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle composition of esophagus: superior 1/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle composition of esophagus: middle 1/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle composition of esophagus: inferior 1/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle composition of the esophagus varies in the ___ layer of the ___ |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal muscle of the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
| Muscle composition change in the esophagus is indicative of what |
|
Definition
| Starts voluntary and becomes involuntary (paristalsis) |
|
|
Term
| Is the outer layer of the entire esophagus called adventia: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, most distal portion is intraperitoneal after it passes through diaphragm [T10] |
|
|
Term
| What part of the stomach is indicated by A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the stomach is indicated by B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the stomach is indicated by C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the stomach is indicated by D |
|
Definition
| Pylorus [Ebach calls it the antrum and the full name is the pyloric antrum] |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial type of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric pits are: invaginations or made from projections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers in which the gastric pits span |
|
Definition
| Epithelium & lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| Rugae include which layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of muscles in the muscularis externa (3; deep to superficial |
|
Definition
| Oblique → circular → longitudinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dissection plane is shown: cross-section or longitudinal |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal: circular muscle is cross-sectioned |
|
|
Term
| Stomach has serosa or adventitia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by 1 [HINT: mucous] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by 2 [HINT: mucous] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by 3 [HINT: intrinsic factor] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by 4 [HINT: pepsingoen] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by 5 [HINT: gastrin] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal/oxyntic cells secrete what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) HCl, 2) intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| Chief cells secrete what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Pepsinogen, 2) rennin/chymosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatostatin [D as in delta, same cells found in the islets of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin cells secrete what |
|
Definition
| Ghrelin [nope, it's not a trick] |
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the stomach contain G cells |
|
Definition
| Body, pylorus [so distal part, if you will] |
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the stomach contain D cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the stomach contain ghrelin cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of the gastric gland (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leads to the gastric gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which gastric gland(s) have short pits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which gastric gland(s) have long pits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary secretion of cardiac glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary secretion of pyloric glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stomach glands are long & coiled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stomach glands are short & coiled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stomach glands are long & branched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stomach glands contain G cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stomach glands contain D cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal glands contain which neuroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyloric glands contain which neuroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac glands contain which neuroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metaplasia of inferior esophagus to columnar in response to acid reflux |
|
|
Term
| Name of the big rings through the intestine |
|
Definition
| Plicae circulares [Plica="to fold"] |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the small intestine are plicae circulares most pronounced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ time increase in surface area due to plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Foldings of small intestinal wall (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Plicae circulares, 2) villi, 3) microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Folding of the small intestine at the cellular level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folding of the small intestine at the tissue level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folding of the small intestine at the gross level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vessels found within villi (3) |
|
Definition
| Artery, vein, lacteal/lymphatic |
|
|
Term
| __ time increase in surface area due to villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ time increase in surface area due to microvilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ time increase in surface area due to all three foldings of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of epithelium in small intestine |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar with microvilli |
|
|
Term
| # of goblet cells in the small intestine __ [increases or decreases] away from the stomach |
|
Definition
| Increases [more in ileum than duodenum] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enterocyte/absorptive cells (i.e., epithelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Longitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What dissection plane is shown: cross-section or longitudinal |
|
Definition
| Cross-section: longitudinal muscle is cross-sectioned |
|
|
Term
| Arterial supply to small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous drain of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic drain of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell type is indicated by 1 [HINT: no secretion] |
|
Definition
| Enterocytes/absorptive cells (i.e., epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell type is indicated by 2 [HINT: mucous] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell type is indicated by 3 [HINT: no secretion] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell type is indicated by 4 [HINT: α-defensin] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell type is indicated by 5 [HINT: secretin] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypt of Lieberkuhn: what cell secretes lysozyme & α-definsin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cholecystokinin [I as in intestine] |
|
|
Term
| Enterochromaffin cells secrete what |
|
Definition
| Serotonin [so named because they stain with chronium like chromaffin cells of adrenals, but enterochromaffin cells are not from neural crest] |
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the small intestine contain S cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the small intestine contain I cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part(s) of the small intestine contain enterochromaffin cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rank small intestine in decreasing order of plicae: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Jejunum > duodenum > ileum |
|
|
Term
| Rank small intestine in decreasing order of goblet cells: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Ileum > duodenum > jejunum |
|
|
Term
| Rank small intestine in decreasing order of crypts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Ileum > duodenum > jejunum |
|
|
Term
| Which has Brunner's glands: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Duodenum [gland mostly in submucosa] |
|
|
Term
| Which has Peyer's patches: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Ileum [patch spreads from lamina propria to submucosa] |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brunner's glands make what |
|
Definition
| Alkaline secretion to neutralize chyme |
|
|
Term
| Which has long villi: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has M cells: duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
Definition
| Ileum [remember these guys from immunology?] |
|
|
Term
| Did you notice that Peyer's patches & M cells are both in the ileum and both have immunological function (alliteration of "I"): yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, if you didn't before then you did just now so it's still a yes |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal muscle forms what instead in the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teniae coli make the lumen cross-sectionionally look like what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differences of the appendix from the large intestine (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) No teniae coli, 2) lymphoid are prominent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parotid, submandibular, sublingual, other minor |
|
|
Term
| Saliva in parotid glands functions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva in submandibular glands functions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva in sublingual glands functions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva in minor glands functions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which saliva glands are paired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capsule of salivary glands made up of what connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parenchyma cells of salivary glands (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Serous, 2) mucous, 3) myoepithelial |
|
|
Term
| Round nucleus: serous or mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flattened, basally-located nucleus: serous or mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the salivary ducts (5) |
|
Definition
| Acini/tubules → intercalated → striated → interlobular → main excretory [usually named] |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of intercalated ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of striated ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which salivary duct secretes lysozyme & lactoferrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of interlobuluar ducts |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar/pseudostratified |
|
|
Term
| Which salivary duct secretes Na-K & Cl-HCO3 pumps |
|
Definition
| Striated [hence their name from all the mitochondria to run the pumps] |
|
|
Term
| Eponymous name of the excretory duct of the parotid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eponymous name of the excretory duct of the submandibular gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eponymous name of the excretory duct of the sublingual gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which salivary gland(s) is/are branched acinar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which salivary gland(s) is/are branched tubluo-acinar |
|
Definition
| Submandibular & sublingual |
|
|
Term
| Which has more serous: submandibular or sublingual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has more mucous: submandibular or sublingual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key defining feature of the pancreas as compared to salivary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centro-acinar cells of pancreas secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acinar cells of pancreas secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine enzymes made by the pancreas (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Trypsinogen, 2) chymotrypsinogen, 3) α-amylase, 4) lipase, 5) RNase, 6) DNase [Fx not explained in this category] |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatitis results from |
|
Definition
| Activated zymogens within the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal hormones that affect the pancreas (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent vessels of the liver (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hepatic portal v., 2) hepatic a. |
|
|
Term
| Efferent vessels of the liver (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Common hepatic duct, 2) lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| Eponymous name of the liver capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver capsule is continuous with |
|
Definition
| Everything in the liver: from lobe boundaries to reticular support of sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| Function unit of the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Arteriole from hepatic a., 2) venule from hepatic portal v., 3) bile duct |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of bile ducts in the portal triad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are liver sinusoids mixed blood: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, both arterial and portal |
|
|
Term
| Kupffer cells are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells bread down aged RBC's in the liver to get heme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Space between sunusoids and hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocyte microvilli project where to exchange nutrients & metabolites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does blood flow: central v. → triad, or triad → central v. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does bile flow: central v. → triad, or triad → central v. |
|
Definition
| Central v. → triad [only thing that makes sense since the triads have the bile ducts] |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of biliary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sphincter of __ controls bile flow into duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches of the bile duct (2) and where do they go |
|
Definition
| 1) Cystic duct to gallbladder, 2) common hepatic duct to liver |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of gallbladder |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar with microvilli |
|
|
Term
| __% of cardiac output to liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which supplies most of the blood to the liver: hepatic a. or hepatic portal v. |
|
Definition
| Hepatic portal v. [60-80%] |
|
|
Term
| If hepatic a. is high pressure and hepatic portal v. is low pressure, what keeps arterial blood from flowing retrograde into intestines |
|
Definition
| I have no idea…magic? [I suspect it's arteriole constriction that lowers the pressure sufficently] |
|
|
Term
| Liver is a common metastatic site for what cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zone 1 is near: hepatic triad or central v. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zone 3 is near: hepatic triad or central v. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why describe hepatocytes by zones 1, 2, & 3 |
|
Definition
| Oxygen & nutrient gradients distinctly change metabolism of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| Putting the central v. at the center divides the liver into the ___ view |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Putting the portal triad at the center divides the liver into the ___ view |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which liver cells store vitamin A |
|
Definition
| Stellate cells, a type of pericyte |
|
|
Term
| What is liver capillarization |
|
Definition
| Deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in the space of Disse |
|
|
Term
| Capillarization leads to what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe acute liver injury can lead to: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetaminophen overdose can lead to: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver is involved in metabolism of: carbs, lipids, amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are ALT & AST indicative of liver damage |
|
Definition
| Liver damage releases ALT & AST which are almost exclusive to hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| Dysfunction of ammonia detoxification can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in proteins made by the liver in response to the acute phase |
|
|
Term
| Causes of the acute phase (3) |
|
Definition
| Stress, infection, tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Biotransformation of the liver is divided into |
|
Definition
| Phase 1 & 2 [maybe phase 3 too] |
|
|
Term
| Overall goal of biotransformation |
|
Definition
| Make more polar and hydrophilic to be excreted into urine or bile |
|
|
Term
| Cytochrome P450: phase 1 or 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conjugation with various groups: phase 1 or 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mixed function oxidase system |
|
Definition
| Cytochrome P450 compartmentalized to the ER |
|
|
Term
| Which is usually more reactive: before or after phase 1 modification |
|
Definition
| After phase 1 modification |
|
|
Term
| Examples of phase 2 modifications |
|
Definition
| Glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation, methylation, conjugation with glycine, conjugation with glutathione |
|
|
Term
| Acetaminophen is normally 95% processed by: P450 or glucuronidation/sulfation |
|
Definition
| Glucuronidation/sulfation |
|
|
Term
| In acetaminophen overdose, acetaminophen shifts toward being processed by: P450 or glucuronidation/sulfation |
|
Definition
| P450 meaning glucurondiation/sulfation pathways are saturated and glutathione stores are depleted |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for acetaminophen overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Water, 2) electrolytes, 3) bile salts, 4) cholesterol, 5) phospholipids, 6) bilirubin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malabsorption & deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precipitation of cholesterol in the gallbladder can lead to |
|
Definition
| Gallstones [cholelithiasis] |
|
|
Term
| Failure to reabsorb bile acids leading to free bile acids in the colon can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps in heme degradation |
|
Definition
| Heme → unconjugated bilirubin → conjugated bilirubin → bile → intestine → bacterially metabolized or reabsorbed-then-secreted-in-urine |
|
|
Term
| What kind of gallstones may those with hemolytic anemia have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic viral hepatitis, alcholic liver disease and non-alcholic fatty liver disease can all lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key pathological findings for Dx of cirrhosis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fibrosis, 2) nodular regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Sources of extracellular matrix that cause cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| 1) Normal residents of liver [stellate, myofibroblasts], 2) migrated cells [from bone marrow], 3) de novo cells [epithelial-tomesenchymal transition] |
|
|
Term
| Why might different etiologies of fibrosis reveal as different patterns of fibrosis |
|
Definition
| Localization of injury [alcholic liver injury from upreg of its P450 results in zone 3 fibrosis] |
|
|
Term
| Steps leading to cirrhosis (3) |
|
Definition
| Portal expansion → bridgning fibrosis → cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| Most commn cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initiating event of portal hypertension is change in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of change in flow resistance in the liver |
|
Definition
| 1) Sinusoidal resitance increase from fibrosis, 2) vasoconstrictors, 3) splanchnic vsaodilation [though this increases flow] |
|
|
Term
| Increased portal pressures leads to ___ of blood creating ___ |
|
Definition
| Shunting of blood creating portalcaval anastamoses [remember these 4? esophageal, gastric, anorectal, caput medusae] |
|
|
Term
| Parasitic cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-hepatic cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-sinusoidal cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sinusoidal cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-sinusoidal cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
| Chemotherapy or radiation [veno-occlusive disease] |
|
|
Term
| Post-hepatic cause of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HVPG = WHVP - FVHP [IOW: hepatic venous pressure gradient = wedged hepatic - free hepatic] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HVPG & WHVP are elevated: Dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Threshold of HVPG in which what conditions may arise (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Variceal rupture, 2) ascites formation |
|
|
Term
| HVPG is normal, WHVP & FVHP are elevated: Dx? |
|
Definition
| Congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| Hyperdynamic circulation is characteristic of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperdynamic circulation attributes |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased HR, 2) increased CO, 3) decreased TPVR [Brown called it systemic VR or SVR] |
|
|
Term
| Is elevated HVPG sufficient to diagnose cirrhosis: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is elevated WHVP sufficient to diagnose cirrhosis: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, elevated WHVP is seen in 1) cirrhosis, 2) congestive heart failure, 3) constrictive pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| Cirrhotic patients are __ [hyper- or hyporesponsive] to vasoconstrictors |
|
Definition
| Hyporesponsive due to overproduction of vasodilators |
|
|
Term
| Excess vasodilators in cirrhotic patients does what to the kidneys & their control |
|
Definition
| Retention of Na & H2O worsening the volume overloaded state |
|
|
Term
| Volume overload in cirrhotic patients leads to (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Motility, 2) digestion, 3) absorption, 4) immunity, 5) secretion/excretion |
|
|
Term
| Major parts of the gut (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Alimentary canal, 2) glandular organs |
|
|
Term
| Glandular organs of the gut (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Salivary, 2) liver, 3) gallbladder, 4) pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Sphincters of the gut (6) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) Upper & lower esophageal (UES & LES), 3) pyloric, 4) ileocecal, 5-6) internal & external anal |
|
|
Term
| Overal control systems of the gut (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Neural, 2) paracrine, 3) endocrine |
|
|
Term
| Principal neurotransmitter of the gut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) CCK, 2) secretin, 3) motilin [these are covered in a later lecture and function not covered in this category] |
|
|
Term
| Paracrines of the gut (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Gastrin, 2) motilin, 3) secretin, 4) somatostatin, 5) VIP [these are covered in a later lecture and function not covered in this category] |
|
|
Term
| Non-peptide transmitters (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) ACh, 2) substance P, 3) histamine, 4) NO, 5) NE [these are covered in a later lecture and function not covered in this category] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ENS is a division of which nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does spinal cord injury stop the gut from functioning: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory neurosn sense what (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Stretch, 2) osmolarity, 3) pH, 4) other specific nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Review: which is found in submucosa: Meissner's or Auerbach's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Review: which is found in muscularis externa: Meissner's or Auerbach's |
|
Definition
| Auerbach's [between circular & longitudinal muscle] |
|
|
Term
| PSNS of gut comes from (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) CN X, 2) pelvic splanchnic nn. |
|
|
Term
| Increased PSNS leads to __ [increased or decreased] motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased SNS leads to __ [increased or decreased] motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brainstem is involved in gut reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the affects between CNS & ENS largely one-way or two-way |
|
Definition
| Two-way: smelling food activates the ENS, and ENS induces satiety |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle(s) of the gut are involved in motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of longitudinal muscle fibers has what effects (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Shortening, 2) dilation |
|
|
Term
| Activation of circular muscle fibers has what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method of motility of food is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle response to stretch due to food (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Contraction of circular at the stretch, 2) relaxation of circular distal to stretch |
|
|
Term
| Main cation shared through the smooth muscle syncytium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane depolarization of smooth muscle which migrates in an aboral [ab-=away; oral=mouth: away from mouth] direction |
|
|
Term
| Which sphincters perform a reservoir function (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Pyloric, 2) internal anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Types of rhythmic contractions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mixing/churning, 2) propulsion |
|
|
Term
| Migrating motor complex phases (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Complete quiescence, 2) propulsive & non-propulsive intermittent brief contractions, 3) propulsive regular, high-amplitude contractions |
|
|
Term
| MMC is exhibited when: fasting or fed state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fed motility of the small bowel resembles which phase of the MMC |
|
Definition
| Phase 2: mixing & propulsive contractions |
|
|
Term
| Large intestine function (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Absorb water, 2) absorb electrolytes, 3) absorption of short-chain fatty acids, 4) reservoir, 5) defecation |
|
|
Term
| Periodic rings of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gastrocolic reflex induces what |
|
Definition
| High-amplitude propagatin contractions of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Rectal stretching induces what reflex |
|
Definition
| Relaxation of internal anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Clenched rectum with liquid stool and air in distal intestines in a neonate suggests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic test for Hirschprung's disease (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anorectal monometry, 2) barium enema, 3) biopsy for ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Confirmation of Hirschsprung's disease can lead to what surgery |
|
Definition
| Colonic resection to remove the portion missing ganglia cells |
|
|
Term
| Phases of chewing/swallowing (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Voluntary, 2) autonomic |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of autonomic swallowing |
|
Definition
| Soft palate elevates → nasopharynx sealed off → epiglottis closes off trachea → UES relaxes → pharynx constricts to push food down |
|
|
Term
| Swallowing mediated by which CN's (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis of the esophagus is initiated in response to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus is initiated in response to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between primary peristalsis starting and peristaltitc wave reading LES |
|
|
Term
| CN involved in esophageal peristalsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major segments of the stomach (3) |
|
Definition
| Cardia, body, pyloric antrum [she just calls it the antrum, but it is the antrum of the pyloris; the fundus is a part of the body] |
|
|
Term
| Parietal, mucus, chief, & enterochromaffin cells describe which segment of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucus, chief, & endocrine cells (G cells) describes which segment of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the stomach (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Food reservoir/accommodation, 2) mechanical churning, 3) secretions, 4) digestion |
|
|
Term
| Stomach accommodation mostly occurs where in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dominates in an empty stomach: K+ or Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dominates in a full stomach: K+ or Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As [H+] increases in the stomach due to eating, does [Na+] increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric pepsins work best in what pH environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is an acidic stomach essential to digestion: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exactly what kind of pump is the proton pump |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are H-K ATPase constitutively in the membrane: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, they are promoted to the membrane when stimulated |
|
|
Term
| Source of H+ in parietal cells |
|
Definition
| From CO2 + H2O making HCO3 by carbonic anhydrase |
|
|
Term
| With H+, Cl- moves into the lumen by parital cells: what electrically balances the H+ flow |
|
Definition
| H+ lost apically with Cl- |
|
|
Term
| With H+, Cl- moves into the lumen by parital cells: what electrically balances the HCO3- flow |
|
Definition
| HCO- is lost basolaterally with K+ lost apically |
|
|
Term
| If acid is being made by parietal cells, where does the corresponding base go and what is that called |
|
Definition
| Into the blood as HCO3- and is called the alkaline tide |
|
|
Term
| Secretagogues of acid production by parietal cells (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Gastrin, 2) ACh, 3) histamine |
|
|
Term
| Which secretagogue is the strongest direct stimulator of acid production by parietal cells |
|
Definition
| Histamine [on H2 receptor] |
|
|
Term
| Histamine is a secretagogue that is made by ___ [what cells] and acts in a ___ [endo-, para-, or autocrine] fashion |
|
Definition
| Enterochromaffin cells and acts in a paracrine fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-2) Direct & indirect action on pariental cells, 3) stimulate epithelial cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates growth of epithelium in the stomach & intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ach & gastrin indirectly cause acid production by parietal cells through what chemical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates G cells (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Distension of stomach, 2) peptides & amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Major paracrine suppressor of acid production by parietal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If H+ secretion increases, somatostatin secretion: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrient suppressors of acid production by parietal cells (3) |
|
Definition
| 1), fat, 2) acid, 3) hyperosmolar |
|
|
Term
| Hormone suppressors of acid production by parietal cells (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Secretin, 2) CCK, 3) VIP, 4) GIP, 5) neurotensin, 6) peptide YY |
|
|
Term
| Major hormonal suppressor of acid production by parietal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major nutrient suppressor of acid production by parietal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phases of acid secretion (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Basal state, 2) cephalic phase, 3) gastric phase, 4) intestinal phase |
|
|
Term
| Is acid production in the basal state zero: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, some acid is always produced |
|
|
Term
| __% of acid production is due to cephalic phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cephalic phase is mediated by which CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cephalic phase causes of acid production (5) |
|
Definition
| 1-4) Thinking, seeing, smelling, tasting food, 5) swallowing |
|
|
Term
| CN X effects during cephalic phase (4) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) PSNS to parietal & enterochromaffin cells, 3) GRP release to stimulate G cells, 4) inhibition of D cells |
|
|
Term
| Why would CN X inhibit D cells during the cephalic phase |
|
Definition
| Somatostatin inhibits acid production, so it's a dis-inhibition of parietal cells that leads to more acid production |
|
|
Term
| Stomach distension __ [inhibits or activates] vagovagal reflex |
|
Definition
| Activates: more acid production |
|
|
Term
| Major mediator of gastric phase acid secretion |
|
Definition
| Gastrin induced by peptones |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal phase induction of acid secretion (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Direct stimulation of G cells, 2) unknown endocrine "entero-oxyntin", 3) absorbed amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Gastric diffusion barrier components (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tight junctions, 2) mucous-gel layer, 3) bicarbonate rich secretions under mucous-gel layer |
|
|
Term
| Mucin secretion by ___ cells is stimulated by ___ |
|
Definition
| By mucous cells [I don't think this are "goblet cells"] stimulated by ACh |
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate secretion by ___ cells is stimulated by ___ |
|
Definition
| By mucous cells [I don't think this are "goblet cells"] stimulated by ACh |
|
|
Term
| Pepsin does not function above pH __ and is inactivated at ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Burning epigastirc/retrosternal pain; no wieght loss, melena, hematochezia, hematemesis, nausea: what's your Dx |
|
Definition
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
|
Term
| Why does GERD only weakly respond to anti-histamines but fully to proton pump inhibitors |
|
Definition
| H2 acts indrectly on parietal cells; PPI's stop the pumping regardless of stimulation to secrete acid |
|
|
Term
| Hematemesis with ulcers and fasting gastrin of 1800: what's your Dx |
|
Definition
| Gastrinoma, or a cyst containing G cells, of course [ok, a CT is needed to find the cyst] |
|
|
Term
| Smallest visible unit of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General structure of pnacreas & salivary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ducting of the pancreas (4) |
|
Definition
| Intercalated → intralobular → interlobular → pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid, electrolytes, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| Ductular epithelium secretes |
|
Definition
| No proteins, but regulate electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis pathway of the pancreas (4) |
|
Definition
| rER → GA → condensing vacuoles → zymogen/secretory granules |
|
|
Term
| Major receptors on the acinar cell (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Muscarinic ACh, 2) CCK B [can't do subscripts] |
|
|
Term
| CCK B has affinity for what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary messenger of CCK B |
|
Definition
| Ca via phosphlipase C → PKC |
|
|
Term
| Acinar cells produce a fluid similar to what other fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acinar cell secretion is drive by |
|
Definition
| Active chloride secretion |
|
|
Term
| How is HCO3 secreted into the pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives HCO3 secretion into the pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| CFTR allowing Cl to flow into the lumen |
|
|
Term
| What drives Na & H2O into the pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| Negative charge in the lumen draws Na (and water goes with it) paracellularly |
|
|
Term
| Where does the HCO3 come from that is secreted by the pancreas (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Carbonic anhydrase, 2) Na-HCO3 cotransporter on basolateral membrane |
|
|
Term
| What drives HCO3 synthesis by carbonic anhydrase (2) |
|
Definition
| Mass action through proton pumps and Na-H exchanger |
|
|
Term
| Most powerful secretagogue of HCO3 in the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCO3 secretagogues in the pancreas (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin acts to secrete bicarbonate via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unphosphorylated CFTR is: open or closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylated CFTR is: open or closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doubly-phosphorylated CFTR is: open or closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outward rectifying Cl channel opens in response to (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are pancreatic proteases secreted as zymogens |
|
Definition
| Remain inactive until away from cells |
|
|
Term
| What cleaves tyrpsinogen into trypsin (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Enterokinase, 2) trypsin |
|
|
Term
| What cleaves all of the pancreatic zymogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enterokinase deficiency has similar effects to what other disorder |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic insufficiency [lack of active enzymes to digest] |
|
|
Term
| What limits premature trypsinogen activation in granules |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic trypsin inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA & RNA [separate enzymes] |
|
|
Term
| Lithostatine prevents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatitis-associated protein prevents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates CCK release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates pancreatic protein secretions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) CCK, 2) unconfirmed that PSNS also acts on CCK A [can't do subscripts] receptors |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates secretin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions in relation to the cephalic phase |
|
Definition
| 25-50% of peak secretion [so mostly CN X] |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions in relation to the gastric phase |
|
Definition
| Gastrin-induced CCK secretion [some vagal stimulation from stretch] |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions in relation to the intestinal phase |
|
Definition
| Acid-induced secretion secretion; fat-induced CKK secretion |
|
|
Term
| Amylase made by which salivary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neural stimulation of salivary glands |
|
Definition
| Both PSNS & SNS stimulate salivary secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is the humoral stimulation of salivary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary messenger within acinar cells of salivary glands [I am assume her lectures notes saying (point III B 3) "pancreatic acinar cells" is a bad copy/paste] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva is rich in: potassium or sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fluid is potassium rich: saliva or pancreatic fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fluid is sodium rich: saliva or pancreatic fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Path of potassium in salivary duct cells |
|
Definition
| Interstitium → Na-K ATPase → intracellular → K-H exchanger → salivary duct lumen |
|
|
Term
| Path of sodium in salivary duct cells |
|
Definition
| Salivary duct lumen → Na-H exchanger → intracellular → Na-K ATPase → interstitium |
|
|
Term
| Composition changes of saliva with increased production rate (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased sodium, 2) decreased potassium |
|
|
Term
| __ liters of saliva produced daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major proteins of serous saliva (2) |
|
Definition
| Amylase & proline-rich proteins |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the proline-rich proteins of saliva (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anti-microbial, 2) lubrication, 3) neutralizes tannins |
|
|
Term
| 12 month old with foul-smelling, loose, oily stools; asthma, "bronchitis" hospitalization and poor weight gain: what's your Dx |
|
Definition
| Cystic fibrosis: pancreatic insufficiency, respiratory involvement [confirm with fecal elastase] |
|
|
Term
| 15 year old with recurring attacks of severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, no diarrhea, no fever: what's your Dx |
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis [imaging reveals a pancreatic pseudocyst and irregular pancreatic duct] |
|
|
Term
| Is saliva necessary: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is saliva necessary for digestion: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circular folds of Kerckring |
|
|
Term
| Stomach receives __ L, secretes __ L, absorbs __ L, and sends __ L per day |
|
Definition
| Receives 3.5 L, secretes 2 L, absorbs nothing, and sends 5.5 L |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine receives __ L, secretes __ L, absorbs __ L, and sends __ L per day |
|
Definition
| Receives 5.5 L, secretes 3 L, absorbs 6.5 L, and sends 2 L |
|
|
Term
| Large intestine receives __ L, secretes __ L, absorbs __ L, and sends __ L per day |
|
Definition
| Receives 2 L, secretes little, absorbs 1.9 L, and sends 0.1 L |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of Na, Cl, H2O is characteristic of: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of just HCO3 is characteristic of: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of K and HCO3 is characteristic of: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highest paracellular permeability is where in the GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods of Na absorption across the apical membrane of the intestine (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Na-Glc & Na-AA, 2) Na-H, 3) Na-H + Cl-HCO3, 4) ENaC |
|
|
Term
| Major sodium absorption when nutrients are present |
|
Definition
| Na-Glc or Na-AA cotransporters |
|
|
Term
| Major sodium absorption when nutrients are NOT present |
|
Definition
| Na-H + Cl-HCO3 exchangers [NaCl in, H+HCO3 out] |
|
|
Term
| All sodium abosrption is coupled to which active process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na-H is favored under what lumenal pH conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sodium absorption channel is likely to not work under a blocked hepatic duct |
|
Definition
| Na-H since it works much better under alkaline pH |
|
|
Term
| Which sodium transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sodium transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sodium transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sodium transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sodium absorption channels are inhibited by amiloride |
|
Definition
| Na-H & ENaC [this should also affect the Na-H + Cl-HCO3 method but she didn't indicate that] |
|
|
Term
| Na-H + Cl-HCO3 combo is called what |
|
Definition
| Electroneutral NaCl absorption |
|
|
Term
| Electroneutral NaCl absorption is inhibited by (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electroneutral NaCl absorption is stimulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineralocorticoids effects on ENaC (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Open channels, 2) apical translocation of channels, 3) ENaC transcription |
|
|
Term
| Voltage-dependent chloride absorption is linked to which sodium absorption method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chloride transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
| Voltage-dependent passive |
|
|
Term
| Which chloride transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chloride transporter is represented by arrows indicating level of absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is sodium secreted anywhere along the intestine: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is chloride secreted anywhere along the intestine: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is potassium secreted anywhere along the intestine: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major mechanism of secretory diarrhea |
|
Definition
| Chloride secretion, and Na & H2O follow |
|
|
Term
| Net absorption of potassium: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Net secretion of potassium: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which potassium absorption/secretion is represented by arrows indicating level of activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which potassium absorption/secretion is represented by arrows indicating level of activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which potassium absorption/secretion is represented by arrows indicating level of activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which potassium absorption/secretion is represented by arrows indicating level of activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive potassium absorption via [what mechanism] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active potassium flow is not known to occur in: small or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active potassium secretion is stimulated by (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active potassium absorption channel |
|
Definition
| H-K ATPase [this is NOT the same as the H-K exchanger] |
|
|
Term
| Major stimulant of chloride secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary messengers of secretagogues (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Cholera toxin, 2) heat-labile E. coli. enterotoxin [there are otheres but she listed these specifically] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) ACh, 2) serotonin, 3) bradykinin, 4) C. difficile toxin, 5) bile acids [there are otheres but she listed these specifically] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Heat-stable E. coli toxin, 2) Yersinia toxin [there are otheres but she listed these specifically] |
|
|
Term
| All secretagogues activate __ secretion and inhibit __ absorption |
|
Definition
| Chloride secretion and inhibit electroneutral NaCl absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Mineralocorticoids, 2) glucocorticoids, 3) somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| Mineralcorticoid absorptagogue effect(s) |
|
Definition
| Na abosrption & K secretion in large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid absorptagogue effect(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin absorptagogue effect(s) |
|
Definition
| Electroneutral NaCl and inhibits electrogenic HCO3 secretion |
|
|
Term
| A 10 kg listless child needs how much fluid resuscitation |
|
Definition
| At least 1 liter [listless indicates >10% loss, so 10% * 10 kg = 1 L] |
|
|
Term
| A 10 kg restless child needs how much fluid resuscitation |
|
Definition
| Between 1/2 and 1 L [restless indicates 5-10% loss, so 5% * 10 kg = 1/2 L] |
|
|
Term
| Simple oral rehydration solution: what mechanism absorbs sodium & water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple oral rehydration solution: what mechanism absorbs potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple oral rehydration solution: higher osmolarity better for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple oral rehydration solution: lower osmolarity better for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is not digestible: fiber or starch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| α-(1→4) linked glucose with α-(1→6) branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-terminal α-(1→4) bonds |
|
|
Term
| After amylase does its thing, what enzyme is next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Terminal α-(1→4) bonds, maltotriose, α-limit dextrins |
|
|
Term
| Does amylase produce glucose: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does maltase produce glucose: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sucrase-isomaltase [one enzyme] |
|
|
Term
| What cleaves α-(1→6) bonds |
|
Definition
| Sucrase-isomaltase [one enzyme] |
|
|
Term
| How is glucose absorbed (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin __ [up or down] regulates GLUT2 on the __ [apical or basal] membrane in the intestines |
|
Definition
| Down regulates apical GLUT2 |
|
|
Term
| Fructose absorption mainly happens where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides cross basal membrane via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of protein load comes from endogenous protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pepsin required for protein digestion: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Trypsin, 2) chymotripsin, 3) elastase |
|
|
Term
| Endopeptidases cleave proteins to what length of peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic proteases make more of which: oligopeptides or amino acids |
|
Definition
| Oligopeptides [no surprise to me since they are better absorbed] |
|
|
Term
| What absorbs short peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PepT1 is what kind of a transporter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives peptide absorption |
|
Definition
| Proton gradient directly; Na-K ATPase indirectly by establishing the proton gradient via Na-H exchanger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutral amino acid symporter with Na |
|
|
Term
| System B0+ [can't do superscript] absorbs what |
|
Definition
| Basic amino acid symporter with Na |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid transport into the cell is: Na-dependent or Na-independent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid transport out of the cell is: Na-dependent or Na-independent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lingual lipase cleaves triglycerides into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic lipase cleaves triglycerides into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colipase deficiency would result in |
|
Definition
| Steatorrhea [not in lecture, but seems like a reasonable question] |
|
|
Term
| Will pancreatic lipase function on phospholipids: yes or no |
|
Definition
| She actually didn't say, but I don't see why it would |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A2 cleaves ___ into ___ |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids → lysophospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides leave GI tract in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons leave the GI tract how |
|
Definition
| Lymphatics [don't you dare say the blood] |
|
|
Term
| Medium/short-chain FA's and glycerol leave the GI tract how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Megaloblastic anemia results from deficiency of (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate deficiency results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of folate is absorbed |
|
Definition
| The mono-glutamate folate form |
|
|
Term
| Mono-glutamate folate is converted into what biologically active form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in |
|
Definition
| Pernicious anemia [a type of megaloblastic anemia] |
|
|
Term
| What binds to cobalamin during it's path to dietary absorption (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Haptocorrin [in acidic stomach], 2) intrinsic factor [in alkaline intestine], 3) transcobalamin [enterocyte to liver] |
|
|
Term
| Which can cause intrinsic factor deficiency: H2 antagonists or proton pump inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cobalamin absorption happens where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways to get B12 deficiency (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dietary deficiency, 2) carrier deficiencies, 3) gastrectomy [though this is loss of IF so falls under #2], 4) ileum resection |
|
|
Term
| Loss of parietal cells leads to |
|
Definition
| Pernicious anemia [loss of intrinsic factor] |
|
|
Term
| Why won't pernicious anemia respond to oral cobalamin supplements |
|
Definition
| Taking more B12 orally does not replace the required intrinsic factor that they are missing |
|
|
Term
| Dietary calcium is absorbed how (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ca channels, 2) paracellularly |
|
|
Term
| What keeps calcium low in enterocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would vitamin D included in calcium supplements |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D stimulates uptake of calcium [channels, calbindin, and Ca pump & Ca-Na exchanger] |
|
|
Term
| Ileum ressection would impact (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cobalamin absorption, 2) active Mg absorption, 3) bile absorption [surely more???] |
|
|
Term
| Where is free iron absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free iron is absorbed how |
|
Definition
| DCT-1 as Fe2+ [hence DCT=divalent cation transporter] |
|
|
Term
| How does lactose without lactase cause diarrhea, bloating, gas, pain |
|
Definition
| Total buffet for bacterial fermentation |
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