- homes

- offices

- hospitals

- public gardens

- research institutions

- commercial organizations

- space available

- types of plants to be grown

- geographical location

- cost of construction materials

- market

- climactic conditions

- labor supply

- expansion

- attached

- detached

- connected

Adv. of freestanding

- environmental control can be regulated easily (programmed to meet specific needs)

Disadv. of freestanding

- more land i needed = higher costs

Adv. of connected

- lower cost

- easy movement

- less heat required

- less land needed

Disadv. of connected

- accommodating different crops due to different environmental conditions needed

- ridge

- anchor support posts

- trusses

- purlins

- sidewalls

- ventilators

- cooling fans

- glass

- plastic film

- fiberglass-reinforced plastic

- acrylic and polycarbonate

- market

- accessibility

- climactic conditions

- topography and drainage

- water and other utilities

- zoning regulations

- labor supply

- expansion

- allow maximum light

- minimize heat loss

- entrances accessible to large trucks, customers, and employees

- longitudinal

- cross benching

- peninsular

- conduction

- infiltration

- radiation

- natural gas

- oil

- coal

- steam

- hot water

- forced-air

- infrared radiant

- solar radiation systems

- shading

- fan and pad cooling system

- natural ventilation system

- fan-tube ventilation system

- renews CO₂ supply

- circulates air = reduce disease chances

- prevents buildup of pollutants such as ethylene

- temperature

- light

- air

- humidity

- water

night temp. of 55-65°F

day temp. of 10-15°F higher than night temp.

- quality

- quantity

- duration of sunlight

- use greenhouse coverings that allow maximum light

- proper design and planning of greenhouse or range

Adv.

- porous that enables water to evaporate

- can support plants without falling over

Disadv.

- more expensive

1. size of container

2. cost

- drainage

- durability

- ease of handling for mechanization

- color

- shape

- rooting containers

- bedding plant containers

- green and flowering plant containers

- peat pellets

- peat plugs

- peat pots

- good moisture- and nutrient-holding capacity

- contain physcial properties that permmit rapid water infiltration, aeration, and drainage

- decompose slowly

- flow easily to facilitate pot filling

- be free of toxins

- have good CEC and buffer capacity

- provide good support for the plant

- peat moss

- wood byproducts

- bark

- vermiculite

(^high moisture- and nutrient-holding capacities)

- sand

- perlite

(^promote aeration and drainage)

- timing

- amount

- water carefully

- tube irrigation

- capillary mat system

- ebb and flow method

- overhead irrigation

- perimeter irrigation

- soaker hose method

- manual (hose) watering

- organic

-inorganic*

- prevent pest entry

- weed control

- sanitation practices

- crop inspection

- envrionmental manipulation

- biological control

- temperature

- light

- rainfall

- wind

- water

- air pollution

- plant pests

soil texture, drainage, topography, and fertility

- land cost and availability

- labor

- transportation

- utilities and services

- competition

- soil becomes saturated

- inability to get machinery into the field

- delays the digging of trees and seedlings

- delays production schedules

- soil erosion

- soil compaction

- container

- field

- land leveling

- irrigation line and drainage systems installed

- roads installed

- good drainage

- potting areas centrally located and free of disease and weeds

- greenhouses =best environmental control

- hotbeds

- coldframes

- shadehouses

- determining the plants to be grown

- selecting the proper media

- selecting the proper container

- factors to consider when designing container beds

- overwintering container-grown plants

- maintaining container-grown nursery crops

- watering container-grown plants

- pest control

- fertilization of container-grown plants

- be free of insects and disease

- firmly hold cuttings in place

- have good water- and nutrient holding capacity

- provide good aeration and drainage

- size

- cost

- adequate drainage

- proper color

- weight

- ease in handling

- durable

- size of pots

- container spacing

- production practices

- irrigation design

- coverage

to protect plants from low temperatures during the winter months

- place pots close together and wrap them in plastic

- put a border row of containers filled with soil but no plants

- combination of two above methods

- determine plants to be grown

- site preparation

- plant spacing

- production system

- maintaining crops

- plow soil to loosen it

- remove large objects

- collect soil samples and analyze to determine what nutrients need to be applied

- test soil for pathogenic fungi, insects, and weeds

- final size of plant being grown

- type of equipment required for harvesting

Pros B&B

-minimum transplant shock

Cons B&B

-cost of plant removal and shipping

Pros Bare

- lightweight plans 

- lower cost

Cons Bare

- transplanting shock problems

Egyptians - showy flower arrangements in large vases

Greeks - scatter flower petals on the ground at festivals and wore floral wreaths

Romans - floral garland

- India

- China

- Japan

- Victorian

- Flemish

Victorian

Williamsburg

- dried flowers

- artifical flowers

- silk flowers

- roses

- carnations

- chrysanthemums

1. unpack and inspect

2. prioritize the order of processing flowers

3. remove sleeves, ties, and any foliage that will be below the water line

4. recut all stems and put in a plastic or glass container with warm water

5. add floral preservatives

6. place cut flowers at room temperature in the light

7. place cut flowers in a cooler

- proportion

- balance

- rhythm

- dominance

- scale

- color

- line

- form

- shape

- space

- texture

- pattern

1. work from top to bottom of arrangement

2. smaller flowers and/or buds placed near top and large fully opened flowers at bottom

3. light colored flowers at top and dark at bottom

4. place flowers farther apart at top and closer at bottom

5. back toward front

6. a focal point established at bottom

- temperature

- humidity

- water

- light

- growing media

- fertilization

- acclimation

- IPM

- growing media

- acclimation

1. make sure inside of container is clean

2. add gravel to bottom of container

3. add potting soil and crushed charcoal

4. dig hole in medium, remove half of soil from root ball

5. apply layer of mulching material, mist lightly

6. clean all parts inside container

T or F?

Early Egyptian and Roman civilizations used greenhouse structures to protect tender crops such as fruits and vegetables during the winter months.

T or F?

A headhouse is a central building that is used for offices, storage, and workspace without attached greenhouses.

T or F?

 The greenhouse design types and sizes used depend upon space available, geographical location, types of plants to be grown, and cost of construction materials.

T or F?

Attached greenhouses should be included in the initial design of the home or workplace, or problems can occur. 

T or F?

Freestanding greenhouses use less land. 

T or F?

Freestanding greenhouses have better environmental control than connected greenhouses. 

T or F?

An advantage of connected greenhouses is that they are more efficient because workers and equipment can move throughout the greenhouse with ease. 

T or F?

A major disadvantage of connected greenhouses becomes clear when growing crops that require different environment conditions. 

T or F?

Water and electrical lines should be located and placed before the foundation for a greenhouse is constructed. 

T or F?

Trusses and purlins are used for structural strength in greenhouses. 

T or F?

Glass is the best greenhouse cover because it is cheap and allows maximum light transmission. 

T or F?

Flexible plastic films are lightweight and have a number of other advantages, but they cannot be used on a wide range of greenhouse types. 

T or F?

Greenhouses covered with fiberglass-reinforced plastic are easier to cool than greenhouses covered with glass. 

T or F?

Longitudinal bench arrangements in the greenhouse are typically used because this design gives employees greater accessibility and maximizes the growing area. 

T or F?

Cross-benching arrangements in the greenhouse are typically used for cut flowers because such arrangements allow for mechanization. 

T or F?

The peninsular bench arrangement provides accessibility to employees while maximizing the growth area. 

T or F?

Most greenhouses used raised benches in a wide range of designs and materials. 

T or F?

When greenhouses are cooled using a natural ventilation system, chilling injury to plants can occur. 

T or F?

Greenhouse temperatures can be reduced by using shading materials on the greenhouse. 

T or F?

Shading materials are often applied to glass as well as polyethylene greenhouses in the spring and summer to reduce the temperature within the greenhouse. 

T or F?

One of the disadvantages of infrared radiant heaters is that it may be difficult to monitor air temperatures accurately because this type of heater warms plants and other objects in the greenhouse but not the air temperature to the same extent. 

T or F?

The major disadvantage of infrared heaters is that they conserve energy; however, there are problems with pollutants. 

T or F?

Supplying supplemental carbon dioxide to greenhouses is only effective when adequate light is available. 

T or F?

Some plants are highly sensitive to low concentrations of fluoride commonly put in water systems to prevent tooth decay. 

T or F?

Photoperiodism is the length of the light period that influences plant growth. 

T or F?

Light intensity is the wavelength or color of the light. 

T or F?

Thermotropism is the plant’s response to changes in day and night temperatures. 

T or F?

 Water containing chlorine and fluoride is beneficial to plants because it decreases the occurrence of disease.

T or F?

 In greenhouses, the night temperature should be cooler than the day temperature to mimic natural conditions.

T or F?

Light intensity is the actual quantity of light being supplied. 

T or F?

Light quality has little effect on the overall size of the plant. 

T or F?

Clay containers are porous, which allows more aeration to the roots, and heavier, which provides more stability for top-heavy plants. 

T or F?

 Some rooting containers are manufactured from organic compounds such as peat moss.

T or F?

Some rooting containers are manufactured from inorganic compounds such as plastic. 

T or F?

Peat pellets and peat pots are commonly used as rooting containers. 

T or F?

Perlite is a good substitute for peat moss. 

T or F?

One of the important functions of a growing medium is that it must be reproducible and available.

T or F?

An important consideration for watering plants is to be sure to water shortly after the plant shows signs of wilting. 

T or F?

Perimeter irrigation is a commonly used irrigation system in greenhouses. 

T or F?

Ebb and flow irrigation systems are not a commonly used irrigation system in greenhouses. 

T or F?

The best way to ensure proper nutrient levels of greenhouse crops it to fertilize at the beginning of each month. 

T or F?

Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic nutrient compounds that are derived from mineral salts. 

T or F?

Organic fertilizers are nutrient materials derived from mineral salts. 

T or F?

IPM practices are only important to use for field crops, not greenhouse crops. 

T or F?

 Techniques such as weed control, crop inspection, and environmental manipulation are effective means of preventing pests from entering greenhouses.

T or F?

A Plant Hardiness Map of the United States defines areas where certain plants will or will not survive. 

T or F?

 Areas of high rainfall during critical times of nursery operation should be avoided.

T or F?

Common problems encountered when soil becomes saturated during critical nursery operations are delays in digging trees and seedlings. 

T or F?

Undeveloped land is inexpensive and always the first choice when selecting land for a nursery site. 

T or F?

Farmland is always the best choice when selecting a nursery site. 

T or F?

Plants grown in a container nursery require two to three times less land per plant as compared to field-grown plants. 

T or F?

A coldframe is a wooden or concrete block frame with heat supplied by solar radiation through glass or other transparent coverings. 

T or F?

Hotbeds are similar to coldframes except that solar radiation is used for heating hotbeds. 

T or F?

Greenhouses provide the best environmental control for propagating and growing plants; however, they are the most expensive. 

T or F?

Coldframes are the simplest and most economical outside propagation structure whereas greenhouses are the most expensive. 

T or F?

Shadehouses protect plants from environmental factors such as wind, temperature, hail, heavy rain, and solar radiation. 

T or F?

A cold storage facility is typically used to store bare root materials in nurseries. These plants are typically defoliated to reduce moisture loss during storage by treating with abscisic acid. 

T or F?

Container-grown plants are susceptible to winter damage because their root systems are not insulated by the soil like the root systems of field-grown plants are. 

T or F?

One method to determine when a container-grown nursery crop should be watered is to use indicator plants. 

T or F?

A method commonly used to determine when a container-grown nursery crop should be watered is moisture sensors. 

T or F?

A method used to determine when a container-grown nursery crop should be watered is simply to feel the weight of the pot. 

T or F?

A method to determine when a container-grown nursery crop should be watered is simply to feel the soil. 

T or F?

Irrigation should be based on the demand of the crop. 

T or F?

To conserve water, irrigation applications should take place during the early morning hours; doing so minimizes evaporative losses. 

T or F?

Copper compounds are used to prevent root circling in container-grown plants. 

T or F?

The main advantage of the balled and burlapped method is the initial lower cost per plant to the grower. 

T or F?

The same general rules used to determine the product mix for a container nursery also apply to field nurseries. 

T or F?

Good site preparation is essential for high-quality nursery stock plants; therefore, it is important to control pathogenic fungi, insects, and weeds prior to planting. 

T or F?

The main advantage of the balled and burlapped method of production is that it is cheaper than other methods. 

T or F?

The balled and burlapped method of production typically requires that the soil in which plants are grown has a high clay content. 

T or F?

The main advantage of the bare root system of production is that it is cheaper and there is little problem with transplanting shock. 

T or F?

According to written records, the Egyptian civilization was the first to use flowers. 

T or F?

Corsages were very popular in the Baroque era. 

T or F?

In Ikenobo Design, flowers are distributed randomly throughout the arrangement. 

T or F?

The Renaissance design became the pattern for early American floral arrangements. 

T or F?

Egyptians are known for their showy flower arrangements in large containers. 

T or F?

Greeks did not arrange flowers in vases or jars; they are known for scattering flower petals at weddings and wearing and carrying wreaths. 

T or F?

Romans were the first to use the floral garland. 

T or F?

Each of the European floral design styles has its roots in the traditional Greek and Roman cultures. 

T or F?

Silk flowers are made of polyester fabric. 

T or F?

Silver thiosulfate prevents bacterial growth and blocks ethylene action in cut flowers. 

T or F?

Prior to conditioning flowers and foliage that have been received, the order of processing should be prioritized based on the condition and expense of the flowers.

T or F?

One of the six rules of floral design is to work from the top of the arrangement toward the bottom. 

T or F?

One of the six rules of floral design is to use smaller flowers or buds at the top of the arrangement. 

T or F?

One of the principles of floral design is proportion, which is the relationship between size and shape. 

T or F?

One of the principles of floral design is scale, which is a part of proportion dealing with size only, not shape. 

T or F?

Design elements are the physical characteristics of plant materials, such as color and line. 

T or F?

 The pocketknife is one of the most important tools available to the floral designer.

T or F?

Commonly used wire sizes are 5 to 10 gauge. 

T or F?

Overwatering of indoor plants (resulting in root rot diseases) is common, both by the homeowner and the professional. 

T or F?

Most foliage plants belong to the tropical plant group and are sensitive to chilling. 

T or F?

 Indoor plants should generally be fertilized in the spring and summer, not in the winter or fall.

T or F?

Chilling injury occurs when plants are exposed to temperatures at or below freezing. 

T or F?

High temperatures are a direct cause of injury to houseplants. 

T or F?

Good watering practices will reduce plant damage caused by low humidity. 

T or F?

Foot candles are units for measuring illumination. 

T or F?

Plants grown with light bulbs as their only source of light are typically shorter and compact. 

T or F?

Incandescent bulbs provide red light. 

T or F?

Fluorescent lights are rich in the red light portion of the light spectrum. 

T or F?

It is important to fertilize plants during the winter and fall months. 

T or F?

A common disease in foliage plants is Puccinia posophylli. 

T or F?

Two common insects found on foliage plants are whiteflies and viromites. 

T or F?

Cactus and succulent-type plants are commonly used in terrariums. 

T or F?

Any glass or clear plastic container can be used for a terrarium. 

T or F?

The planting medium used in a terrarium should contain some crushed charcoal. 

T or F?

It is important to remove about half of the soil from the plant root ball prior to putting plants into a terrarium. 

Greenhouse structures are built or manufactured in many design types and sizes. The type used depends on:

A. space availabe

B. type of plants to be grown

C. cost

D. All of the above

Which of the following are common styles of connected greenhouses?

A. Dutch houses

B. Sawtooth greenhouses

C. Barrel-vault greenhouses

D. All of the above

Which of the following are basic greenhosue designs?

A. Attached

B. Freestanding

C. Connected

D. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a freestanding greenhouse?

A. Saw tooth

B. Barrel vault

C. Gothic arch

D. All of the above

Which of the following is not an example of a connected greenhouse?

A. Sawtooth

B. Dutch house

C. Quonset

D. Barrel vault

The most important function of a greenhouse covering is to:

A. be strong enough to withstand vandalism

B. provide good support while being inexpensive

C. allow maximum light into the greenhouse

D. None of the above

Which of the following greenhouse covers has the disadvantage of condenstation building up on the inside surface?

A. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic

B. Polyethylene

C. Acrylic

D. Polycarbonate

Which of the following greenhouse covers allows in the same amount of light as glass?

A. Acrylic

B. Polyethylene

C. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic

D. Polycarbonate

Which of the following are cmomon types of bench arrangements used in greenhouses?

A. Longitudinal

B. Cross benching

C. Peninsular

D. All of the above

In addition to cooling, ventilation of a greenhouse provides which of the following?

A. A reduction in diseases

B. Ethylene buildup prevention

C. A renewed supply of CO₂

D. All of the above

Which of the following is one of the first considerations when selecting containers for crops?

A. Cost

B. Durability

C. Size

D. Ease of handling

Many years ago most greenhouse crops were grown in clay pots. Today, a majority of the greenhouse crops are produced in plastic containers. Which of the following is a reason for this change?

A. Clay pots provide less aeration for the roots

B. Clay pots are more expensive then plastic containers

C. Clay pots come in a limited number of sizes

D. All of the above

Azalea pots are

A. half as high as their widths

B. slightly shorter than standards

C. equal in width and height

D. None of the above

Bulb pans are

A. equal in width and height

B. half as high as their widths

C. slightly shorter than standards

D. None of the above

Proper watering of container-grown plants is one of the hardest tasks for employees to learn. Irrigation should be based on

A. demand of the crop

B. when the plant wilts

C. when plants are turgid

D. None of the above

Which of the following type(s) of irrigation system(s) are commonly used today?

A. Hose watering

B. Perimeter irrigation

C. Capillary mat system

D. All of the above

Areas with high rainfall during critical times of nursery operations should be avoided. Common problems encountered when soils become saturated include

A. waterlogging

B. damage to soil

C. inability to get machinery into the field

D. All of the above

A container nursery should be

A. compact for total ease of operation

B. spread out to maximize work conditions

C. located in major cities

D. All of the above

A field nursery requires

A. two to three times more land then a container nursery

B. two to three times less land then a container nursery

C. the same amount of land as a container nursery

D. None of the above

In 1998, the number one state for nursery production in terms of sales dollars in the United States was

A. Oregon

B. New York

C. California

D. Florida

For a nursery to be successful, it must have the proper product mix. Which of the following describes the proper product mix?

A. Grow 50 percent of standard plants with 50 percent of new plants that have potential

B. Grow a mixture of all standard plants

C. Grow 70 percent of standard plants with 30 percent of new plants that have potential

D. None of the above

Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans incorporated the use of flowers into their cultures. Which of the following were the Greeks known for?

A. Showy arrangements

B. Floral garland-type arrangements

C. Scattering flower petals on the ground during festivals

D. All of the above

Buddhist priests in which of the following countries were the first to use flowers in religious ceremonies?

A. India

B. Japan

C. China

D. None of the above

Steps for conditioning flowers and foliage include

A. prioritizing the order of processing the flowers based on the amount of each type

B. recutting all stems and placing them in cold water

C. adding floral preservatives such as Floralife

D. placing them in a cooler with low humidity

Basic floral design shapes include

A. asymmetrical triangle

B. symmetrical triangle

C. open triangle

D. All of the above

Which of the following is not a key rule of floral design?

A. Use light-colored flowers near the top

B. Place small flowers or buds at the top of the arrangement

C. Start flowers at the front of the arrangement and work toward the back

D. Establish the focal point at the top edge of the container

Which of the following are disease problems on popular foliage plants?

A. Erwinia amylovora

B. Puccinia podophylli

C. Venturia inaequalis

D. None of the above

Which of the following are insect problems on popular foliage plants?

A. Mealy bug

B. Scale

C. Spidermite

D. All of the above

Light bulbs are called incandescent lamps; they emit light in which of the following spectrums?

A. Far red

B. Red

C. Blue

D. All of the above

Terrariums were invented around 1850 for which of the following purposes?

A. As a way of transporting living plants from the far parts of the world

B. For decorative purposes

C. For horticulture therapy

D. All of the above

1. C

2. C

3. B

4. B

5. A or C

Matching 

1.        Peat Moss            A. A substitute for peat moss

2.        Vermiculite           B. Aeration and drainage

3.        Sand                   C. Moisture- and nutrient-

4.        Perlite                     holding capacity

5.        Bark