Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Splenius |
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Definition
O: spinous processes of T3-T5
I: nuchal crest, mastoid process, wing of atlas, and the transverse processes of C3-C5
A: elevate the head and neck
I: dorsal brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Semispinalis capitis |
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Definition
O: dorsoscapular ligament, transverse processes of T1-T7, articular processes of the cervical vertebrae
I: occipital bone
A: Main extensor of the head and neck
Inn: dorsal brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Longus colli |
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Definition
=> covers the ventral surface of the vertebral column from C1-T6; it is divided into cervical and thoracic parts and is organized into complex bundles
-Thoracic Part: O=transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae, I= bodies and trasverse processes of C6 and C7
-Cervical part: O= transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae=> I= bodies of the cervical vertebrae and the ventral tubercle of the atlas
-A: flex the neck
-Inn: ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Sternocephalicus |
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Definition
-O: manubrium
-I: ramus of the mandible (note this is a different insertion than the sternnocephalicus of the dog)
-A: together they flex the head and neck, separately they bend the head and neck to the side of the contracting m
-Inn: ventral br of accessory n and ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Sternothyroideus |
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Definition
-O: manubrium
-I: thyroid cartilage of larynx
-A: draw larynx and tongue caudally
-Inn: ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Sternohyoideus |
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Definition
-O: manubrium
-I: basihyoid
-A: draw larynx and tongue caudally
-Inn: ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Omohyoideus |
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Definition
-O: subscapular fascia close to the shoulder joint
-I: basihyoid
-A: retract hyoid bone and root of tongue
-Inn: ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Describe the cutaneous mm of the horse. |
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Definition
-cutaneous fasciei: covers part of the face
-cutaneous colli: the sides of the neck
-cutaneous omobrachialis: covers the lateral surface of the shoulders
-cutaneous trunci: covers almost the entire lateral surface of the trunk
-cutaneous fasciei and cutaneous colli come together form the platysma |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: cutaneous colli |
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Definition
-O: manubrium
-I: radiates from its origin and thins out as it inserts on a wide area of superficial cervical fascia on the sides of the neck
-A: twitches the skin on the sides of the neck dislodging insects and other irritants
-Inn: ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Cutaneous trunci |
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Definition
-O/I: the fibers of this muscle have a general longitudinal orientation along the lateral aspect of the trunk; it typically adheres to the skin and is usually reflected along with it. a thin tendon from this muscle passes cranially with the pectoral mm to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and blend with the tendon of the latizzmus dorsi. Caudally it forms a skin covered fold and ends on the fascia above the stifle
-A: allows the horse to quiver the skin of the trunk vigorously to dislodge insects and other irritants
-Inn: lateral thoracic n (this n is clinically important because it is the efferent limb of the cutaneous trunci reflex which can be used to localize spinal lesions |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Superficial pectorals |
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Definition
-to parts: Pectoralis descendens and d\pectoralis transversus
-Pectoralis descendens: O=manubrium/I=crest of humerus and fascia of arm/A=adduct and advance the limb/inn=pectoral nn from brachial plexus
Pectoralis transversus: O=cranial sternebrae/I=crest of humerus and fascia of the forearm/a=adductor the limb/inn=pectoral nn from brachial plexus |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Deep pectorals |
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Definition
-two parts: pectoralis profundus, subclavius
-Pectoralis profundus: O=caudal part of sternum/I=greater and lesser tubercles of humerus/A=adduct the limb/Inn=pectoral nn from brachial plexus
-Subclavius: O=cranial part of sternum/I=epimysium of supraspinatus/A=adduct the limb/Inn=pectoral nn from brachial plexus |
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Term
| Describe the general shape of the Brachiocephalicus |
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Definition
| -the brachiocephalicus is composed of two parts. part one is the most cranial and is called the cleidomastoideus. The cleidomastoideus runs from the mastoid region of the skull ot the clavicular insertion (the horse is devoid of a clavicle but has a small tendinous band embedded in m at the point of shoulder called the clavicular insertion) Part two is more caudal and called the cleidobrachialis. It runs from the clavicular insertion to the deltoid tuberosity and crest of the humerus. |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Brachiocephalicus |
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Definition
-O: mastoid area of the skull. specifically, mastoid process, nuchal crest, wing of atlas, and the transverse processes of C2, C3, C4
-I: deltoid tuberosity and crest of humerus
-A: advance the limb, extend the shoulder, draw neck, and head to side
-Inn: accessory, axillary, dorsal brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Trapezius |
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Definition
-two parts: cervical and thoracic
-O: cervical part: funicular part of nuchal ligament
-O: thoracic part: supraspinous ligament of withers
-I: (both parts) spine of scapula
-A: both parts together elevate the shoulder; the cervical part alone swings scapula cranially, the thoracic part alone swing the scapula caudally
-Inn: accessory, dorsal brr of thoracic spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Omotransversarius |
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Definition
-O: transverse processes of the most caudal cranial vertebrae
-I: clavicular insertion
-A: both sides working together flex the neck ventrally; separately they bend the neck to one side
-Inn: accessory, axillary, dorsal brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Rhomboideus |
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Definition
-O: nuchal and supraspinous ligaments
-I: scapular cartilage
-A: elevate the forelimb
-Inn: dorsal brr of cervical and thoracic spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Latissimus dorsi |
|
Definition
-O: supraspinous ligaments and thoracolumbar fascia
-I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus
-A: pull trunk foreward on to an advancing limb
-Inn: thoracodorsal n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Serratus ventralis |
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Definition
-O: arises in an inverted arc from C4 to the tenth rib
-I: serrated faces of the medial surface of the scapula (note that there are two triangular areas for insertion rather than the large single area in the dob)
-A: support the trunk and rotate the scapula
-Inn: long thoracic n and ventral brr of cervical spinal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Deltoideus |
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Definition
-O: caudal border and spine of scapula
-I: deltoid tuberosity
-A: flex shoulder
-Inn: axillary n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Infraspinatus |
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Definition
-O: arises from and occupies the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
-I: has two tendons on insertion: deep and superficial (deep= caudal part of greater tubercle/ superficial= greater tubercle)
-A: primarily a shoulder fixator; its superficial tendon of insertion aacts as the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder; it has a secondary action as a shoulder abductor
-Inn: suprascapular n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Supraspinatus |
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Definition
-O: arises from and occupies the supraspinous fossa of the scapula; its epimysium provides an insertion site for the subclavius
-I: cranial parts of the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus
-A: stabilize the shoulder joint and also to extend the shoulder
-Inn: suprascapular n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Subscapularis |
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Definition
-O: arises from and occupies the subscapular fossa of the scapula
-I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
-A: primarily a shoulder joint stabilizer and secondarily an adductor of that joint
-Inn: subscapular n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Teres major |
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Definition
-O: caudal angle of scapula
-I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus with the latissmus dorsi
-A: flex the shoulder joint
-Inn: axillary n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Coracobrachialis |
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Definition
-O: coracoid process on the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
-I: proximal aspect of shaft of humerus
-A: adduct the arm
-Inn: musculocutaneous n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Triceps brachii |
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Definition
-O: (long head) caudal border of the scapula
-O: (lateral head) the deltoid tuberosity an dthe curved rough line that extends from it to the neck of the humerus
-O: (medial head) the medial aspect fo the body of the humerus on the rounghened area caudal and distal to the teres major tuberosity
-I: all three heads insert on the olecranon of the ulna
-A: the triceps is the most important elbow extensor, because of its origin on the scapula the long head has a minor role in flexing the shoulder
-Inn: radial n (the radial n supplies all of the extensors of the forearm) |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Biceps brachii |
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Definition
-O: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
-I: radial tuberosity
-A: primarily a fixator of the shoulder and flexor of the elbow
-Inn: musculocutaneous n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Brachialis |
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Definition
-O: proximal third and caudal surface of the humerus; it occupies the spiral groove
-I: craniomedial part of the proximal radius under the medial collateral ligament
-A: flex elbow
-Inn: musculocutaneous n and partially by the radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Extensor carpi radialis |
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Definition
-O: lateral epicondyloid crest of th ehumerus and adjacent rough area proximal to the capitulum
-I: the metacarpal tuberosity along with the lacertus fibrosus
-A: prevent flexion of the carpal joint and to extend the carpud and flex the elbow
-Inn: radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Extensor carpi obliquis |
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Definition
-O: lateral border of the cranial surface of the radius
-I: metacarpal II
-A: extend carpus
-Inn: radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Common digital extensor (two heads: humeral and radial) |
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Definition
-O: (humeral head) constitutes the bulk of the m and arises from the cranial aspect of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus in common with the extensor carpi radialis
-O: (radial head) the small radial head (not incorporated into the main muscle) arises form the lateral tuberosity on the proximal extremity of the radius
-I: primarily on the extensor process of PIII but with smaller attachments on the dorsoproximal aspects of PI and PII
-A: extend carpus and joints of the digits and flex elbow
-Inn: radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Lateral digital extensor (forelimb) |
|
Definition
-O: the lateral tuberosity of radius, the lateral border of the radius, and the lateral aspect of the body of the ulna
-I: the eminence on the dorsa aspect of the proximal end of the proximal phalanges
-A: extend the digit and carpus
-Inn: radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Ulnaris lateralis |
|
Definition
-O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
-I: accessory carpal bone and metacarpal IV
-A: flex carpal joint
-Inn: radial n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Flexor carpi radialis |
|
Definition
-O: medial epicondyle of humerus
-I: proximal end of metacarpal II
-A: flex carpus and extend elbow
-Inn: median n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Flexor carpi ulnaris |
|
Definition
-O: medial epicondyle of th ehumerus
-I: accessory carpal bone
-A: flex carpus and extend elbow
-Inn: median n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Superficial digital flexor (forelimb) |
|
Definition
-O: medial epicondyle of humerus
-I: bifurcates to the lateral and medial aspects of the distal end of PI and the lateral and medial aspects of te proximal end of PII
-A: flex digits and carpus and extend elbow
-Inn: ulnar n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Deep digital flexor (forelimb: has humeral, ulnar, and radial heads) |
|
Definition
-O: (humeral head) medial epicondyle of humerus
-O: (ulnar head) medial surface of olecranon
-O: (radial head) medial and caudal surface of radius
-I: the plantar surface of the distal phalanx
-Inn: median and ulnar nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Interosseus (forelimb) |
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Definition
-O: palma carpal ligament and adjacent parts of Metacarpal III
-I: abaxial surfaces of proximal sesamoid bones and common digital extensor endon via its extensor brr
-A: prevent over-extension of fetlock joint
-Inn: no contractile function |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus) |
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Definition
-Psoas major: O=ventral surfaces of bodies and transverse processes of lumber vertebrae/I= lesser trochanter of femur/A= flex hip, rotate thich/Inn= ventral brr of lumbar nn, femoral n
-Iliacus: O=ventral surface of wing and body of ilium/I=lesser trochanter f femur/A=flex hip, rotate thigh/Inn=ventral brr of lumbar nn, femoral n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Tensor fasciae latae |
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Definition
-O: coxal tuber
-I: lateral patellar ligament, cranial border of tibia, patella via fascia lata
-A: flex hip
-Inn: cranial gluteal n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Superficial gluteal |
|
Definition
-O: coxal tuber, gluteal fascia
-I: third trochanter
-A: flex hip, abduct thigh
-Inn: cranial and caudal gluteal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Middle gluteal |
|
Definition
-O: longissimus dorsi m, coxal tuber, iliac wing, sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament
-I: greater trochanter (caudal part)
-A: extend hip, abduct thigh
-Inn: cranial and caudal gluteal nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Deep gluteal |
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Definition
-O: isciatic spine
-I: greater trochanter (cranial part)
-A: abduct thigh
-Inn: cranial gluteal n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Biceps femoris |
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Definition
-O: sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament, ischiatic tuberosity
-I: inserts at three locations: 1)fascia lata and patella, 2)lateral patellar ligament and tibial crest, 3)calcanean tuber
-A: primary function is to extend hip
-Inn: caudal gluteal and sciatic nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Semitendinosus |
|
Definition
-O: thransverse processes of caudal vertebrae, ventral surface of ischiatic surface of ischiatic tuberosity, septum b/n this m and biceps femoris
-I: medial aspect of distal end of crest of tibia and on the calcanean tuber
-A: extend hip and hock, flex the stifle
-Inn: caudal gluteal and sciatic nn |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Semimembranosus |
|
Definition
-O: sacrotuberus ligament, ventral surface of ischiatic tuberosity
-I: medial epicondyle of femur
-A: extend hip
Imm: sciatic n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Gracilis |
|
Definition
-O: pelvic symphysis
-I: medial patellar ligament, medial surface of tibia
-A: adduct limb
-Inn: obturator n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Sartorius |
|
Definition
-O: iliac fascia, tendon of psoas minor
-I: medial patellar ligament, tibial tuberosity
-A: flex hip, adduct limb
-Inn: saphenous n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Pectineus |
|
Definition
-O: cranial border of pubis
-I: medial border of femur
-A: flex hip, adduct thigh
-Inn: obturator n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Adductor |
|
Definition
-O: ventral surface of pubis and iscium
-I: caudal surface and medial epicondyle of femur
-A: adduct thigh
-Inn: obturator n |
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Term
| What are the 4 parts of the quadriceps femoris? |
|
Definition
| -vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Vastus medialis of Quadriceps femoris |
|
Definition
-O: medial surface of femur
-I: patella
-A: extend stifle
-Inn: femoral n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Vastus intermedius of Quadriceps femoris |
|
Definition
-O: cranial surface of femur
-I: patella
-A: extend stifle
-Inn: femoral n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Vastus lateralis of Quadriceps femoris |
|
Definition
-O: lateral border of femur
-I: patella
-A: extend stifle
-Inn: femoral n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Rectus femoris of Quadriceps femoris |
|
Definition
-O: body of ilium
-I: patella
-A: extend stifle, flex hip
-Inn: femoral n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Tibialis cranialis |
|
Definition
-O: lateral condyle of tibia and tibial tuberosity
-I: splits into three attachment sites: 1)medial or cunean br on T1 + 2 3)dorsal br on T3 and M3
3) lateral br on T4
-A: flex tarsus
-Inn: peroneal n |
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|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Peroneus tertius |
|
Definition
-O: extensor fossa of femur in common with the long digital extensor
-I: splits into two attachment sites 1)dorsal br on T3 and Mt3 2)lateral br on calcaneus and T4
-A: links the actions of stifle and tarsal joints
-Inn: no contractile function |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Long digital extensor (PL) |
|
Definition
-O: extensor fossa of femur in common with peroneus tertius
-I: extensor process of PIII with smaller attachments on the dorsoproximal aspects of PI and PII
-A: flex tarsus, extend stifle and digits
-Inn: deep peroneal n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Lateral digital extensor (PL) |
|
Definition
-O: lateral collateral ligament of stifle and lateral condyle of tibia
-I: joins the tendon of the long digital extensor in the proximal third of metatarsus
-A: assists the long digital extensor in flexing the tarsus
-I: superficial peroneal n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Popliteus |
|
Definition
-O: lateral epicondyle of femur
-I: caudomedial border of tibia
-A: flex stifle
-Inn: tibial n |
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|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Gastrocnemius (has medial and lateral heads) |
|
Definition
-O: lateral head: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur; kmedial head: medial supracondylar tuberosity of femur
-I: calcanean tuberosity
-A: extend tarsus, flex stifle
-Inn: tibial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Superficial digital flexor (PL) |
|
Definition
-O: supracondylar fossa of femur (under the gastrocnemius)
-: bifurcates to the lateral and medial aspects of the distal end of PI and the lateral and medial aspects of the proximal end of PII
-A: flex digits and extend tarsus and also functions in the reciprocal mechanism
-Inn: tibial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Deep digital flexor (PL: three parts: medial digital flexor, lateral digital flexor, tibialis caudalis, all with a common tendon of insertion) |
|
Definition
-O: medial digital flexor on the lateral condyle of th etibia, lateral digital flexor and the tibialis caudalis have extensive origins on the caudal aspect of the tivia
-I: plantar surface of distal phalanx
-A: flex digits, extend tarsus
-Inn: tibial n |
|
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Interosseus (aka suspensory ligament) |
|
Definition
-O: plantar surface of distal row of tarsal bones and the proximal plantar surface of metacarpal II
-I: proximal sesamoid bb and long extensor tendon via its extensor brr
-A: prevent overextension of fetlock joint
-Inn: no contractile function |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: External abdominal oblique |
|
Definition
-O: the lateral surface of the ribs and the thoracolumbar fascia
-I: linea alba, prepubic tendon, coxal tuber
-A: compress the abdominal viscera and flex spine
-Inn: intercostal, constoabdominal, and ventral brr of lumbar nn |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Internal abdominal oblique |
|
Definition
-O: coxal tuber
-I: last 4-5 tribs, linea alba, prepubic tendon
-A: compress the abdominal viscera and flex spine
-Inn: intercostal, constoabdominal, and ventral brr of lumbar nn |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Transversus abdominis |
|
Definition
-O: the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
-I: xiphoid cartilage and the linea alba
-A: compress the viscera
-Inn: intercostal, contoabdominal, and ventral brr of lumbar nn |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
-O: fourth to ninth costal cartilages
-I: the pubis by way of the prepubic tendons and accessory ligaments
-A: compress the viscera and flex spine
-Inn: intercostalis, costoabdominals, and lumbar nn |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Masseter |
|
Definition
-O: fascial crest and zygomatic arch
-I: ramus of mandible
-A: close the mouth
-Inn: mandibular n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Temporalis |
|
Definition
-O: temporal fossa
-I: coronoid process of mandible
-A: close the mouth
-Inn: mandibular n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Digastricus (occipitomandibular part) |
|
Definition
-O: paracondylar (aka jugular) process of occipital b
-I: ventral border of mandible
-A: open th emouth
-Inn: fascial and mandibular nn |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Caninus |
|
Definition
-O: maxilla near facial crest
-I: lateral aspect of nostril
-A: dilate the nostril
-Inn: facial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: levator labii superioris |
|
Definition
-O: zygomatic, lacrimal and maxillary bb
-I: upper lip
-A: raise upper lip
-Inn: facial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: levator nasolabialis |
|
Definition
-O: nasal and frontal bb
-I: wing of nostril, upper lip, and commissure of lips
-A: dilate the nostrils and raise the upper lip
-Inn: facial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Depressor labii inferioris |
|
Definition
-: mandible
-I: lower lip
-A: retract and depress the lower lip
-Inn: facial n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Cricothyroideus |
|
Definition
-O: cricoid cartilage
-I: lamina of thyroid cartilage
-A: tense the vocal folds
-Inn: cranial laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Cricoarytendoideus dorsalis |
|
Definition
-O: lamina of cricoid cartilage
-I: arytenoid cartilage
-A: dilate the rima glottis
-Inn: recurrent laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Cricoarytenoideus lateralis |
|
Definition
-O: arch of cricoid cartilage
-I: arytenoid cartilage
-A: close rima glottis
-Inn: recurrent laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Ventricularis |
|
Definition
-O: lamina of the thyroid cartilage and cricothyroid ligament
-I muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
-A: constrict the vestibular cleft
-Inn: recurrent laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Vocalis |
|
Definition
-O: thyroid cartilage
-I: muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
-A: tense the vical folds
-Inn: recurrent laryngeal n |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion/Action/Innervation: Arytenoideus trasversus |
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Definition
-O: dorsal surface of arytenoid cartilage
-I: dorsal surface fof contralateral arytenoid cartilage
-A: narrows the rima glottis
-Inn: recurrent laryngeal n |
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