Term
| What are the Endocrine organs? |
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Definition
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
gonads |
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Term
| what are the differences between endocrine glands and exocrine glands? |
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Definition
exocrine-ducts carry secretion to a surface organ or cavity (lumen)
Extracellular effects (eg digestion of food)
endocrine-no ducts, release hormones into tissue fluids, have dense capillary networks to distribute hormones
-intracellular effects, alter target cell metabolism |
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Term
| what is the difference between nervous and endocrine systems? |
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Definition
nervs-fast, both chemical and electrical
-fast
-response declines quick
-target one specific organ
endocrine-
-only chemical
-reacts slowly, effects may last for weeks
-response persists
-effects many organs-systemic |
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Term
| what hormones are also neurotransmitters? what kind of effects do they have on liver? |
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Definition
NE, CCK, TRH, Dopamine=DA=PIH, ADH
-some have overlapping effects such as NE and glucagon which cause glycogenolysis in liver.
-some regulate each other
-neurons trigger hormone secretion
hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons |
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Term
| Name the two posterior pituitary hormones , what they do, and how they are stimulated. |
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Definition
OT (labor contrations, lactation, possible sperm transport, the cuddle hormone) and ADH (targets kidneys increase water retention, also neurotrans.)
these two are stored in posterior pituitary. They are released only by nervous system signals.
e.g. suckling infant->stimulates nerve endings-> hypothamalus->posterior lobe->oxtocin-> milk ejection |
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Term
| what is the hypothalamus and what are it's functions? |
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Definition
homeostatic control center of brain
monitors many body systems-bp, glucose.
regulates essential function-water. balance and sex drive.
many functions carried out by pituitary gland. |
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Term
| what are the hypothalamic hormones and what is IH and RH? |
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Definition
TRH-thyrotropin
CRH-corticotropin
GnRH-gonadotropin
PRH-prolactin
PIH-prolactin IH =dopamine
GHRH-growth hormone RH
GHIH-growth hormone IH (somatostatin)
these hormones travel in portal system from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
pituitary hormones secreted bu amterior pituitary
Rh-releasing hormone and IH inhibiting hormones. they stimulate or supress pituitary hormones |
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Term
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Definition
cause other endocrine glands to release their own hormones.
examples; fsh, lh, tsh,acth, prl, gh |
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Term
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Definition
three axes;
*HPG (hyothalamus pituitary gonadal)
ghRH is from hypothalamus to pituitary
then pituitary releases FSH, then gonad releases LH
*HPT (hypothalamo pituitary thyroid)
hypo to pituitary TRH hormone then pituitary to thyroid=TSH
*HPA hypothalamo pituitary adrenal
hypo to pituitary=CRH
pituitary to adrenal =acth |
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Term
Name examples of Negative feedback and
Positive feedback |
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Definition
increase in target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormone.
Only hormone that does this is OT b/c stretch uterus causes increase OT release, thus more stretching of uterus until delivery. |
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Term
| Name a example of Negative feedback with TRH hormone |
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Definition
1-TRH released from hypothalamus to pituitary
2-TSH from pituitary to thyroid
3-thyroid hormone
4-target organs
5-same hormone goes to pituitary and stops itself
6-same hormone goes to hypothamalus and tells it to stop |
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Term
| name important function of the Pineal gland, what hormones are secreted and what they do. |
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Definition
peak secretion ages 1-5 during growing then stops after puberty.
produces serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night.
Melatonin increase in SAD and PMS; decreased by phototherapy
-depression, sleepiness, irritability, and carbohydrate craving. |
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Term
| Where is the pineal gland located? |
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Definition
name comes from small pine cone, rene descartes said pineal was principal seat of the soul.
it is outside the blood-brain barrier
it ranks behind the kidney in terms of blood flow. |
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Term
| Where is the thymus located and what are it's functions? |
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Definition
located in mediastinum superior to heat.
-involution after puberty
-secretes hormones that develop t-lymphocytes
hormones are-thymopoietin and thymosins |
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Term
| What are the functions of the thyroid? |
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Definition
follicules secret t3 & t4 (thyroid hormone)
calorigenic effect-increase heat production
increase metabolic rate & 02 consumtion
increase hr & contractility
increase respiratory rate
-stimulates appetite & breakdown carbs, lipids, and proteins. |
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Term
| what are C-cells and where are they found, what do they do? |
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Definition
produce calcitonin decreases CA by depositing blood into bone especially for little ones.
C-cells are found around in thyroid follicule |
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Term
| Parathyoid gland functions? |
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Definition
Release PTH
increases blood ca
stimulates osteoclasts
promotes synthesis of calcitriol
Carcitriol-
increases absorption of ca and bone resorption.
decreases urinary excretion |
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Term
| why is the adrenal medualla different than other endocrine organs. what does it release? |
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Definition
Medulla is basically sympathetic ganglion (not really gland) and consists of modified neurons called chromaffin cells.
stimulation causes release of Catecholamines (epi, NE, DA) |
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Term
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Definition
C- are NE, Epi, DA and are a sympathetic type of hormone/neurotransmitters.
hormonal effect is longer lasting in C.
increases alertness, anxiety, fear, BP, heart rate, and air flow.
raises metabolic rate by inhibing insulin secretion
stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
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Term
| What are the layers of medulla? |
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Definition
zona glomerulosa-salt-aldosterone
fasciculata-sugar-cortisol
reticularis-sex-test and estrogen |
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Term
| What is the first Corticosteroid of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
1.mineralcorticoids-(glomerulosa)
control electro balance, alderstrone, promotes Na retention and K secretion. |
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Term
| What is the second Corticosteroid of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
2.glucocorticoids-(fasciculata)
-especially cortisol, stimulates fat, proetin catabolism, & gluconeogenesis from glycerol, release of ffa and glucose into the blood.
anti-infamm becomes immune suppression with long term use (or stress)
corticol makes energy but then has negative effects when stress lasts a long time anti inflammitory turns into immune suppression -people get sick easy when in stress |
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Term
| what is the third Corticosteroid? |
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Definition
sex steroids-zona reticularis-
androgen (including DHEA which other tissues convert to testosterone) and estrogen. (important for menopause) |
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Term
| what hormones are secreted by the pancreas? what cells secret these? what are the functions of each? |
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Definition
98% of organ produces digestive enzymes.
Insulin from beta cells secreted after meal with carbs, lowers b-glucose.
-stimulates glycogenesis & lipogenesis
Glucagon-from alpha cells secreted in very low carb & high protein diet or fasting.
stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis, promotes absorption of amino acids for gluconeogenesis.
Somatostatin from gamma cells
-secreted w/rise of b-glucose and amino acids after a meal.
Paracrine secretion=inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon by a & b cells. |
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Term
| what cells are found in the ovaries and what hormone do they secret? what is the function of the hormone |
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Definition
Granulosa cells produce estradiol during 1st half of pms.
Corpus luteum; follicle after ovulation produces estradiol & progesterone for 12 days or 8-12 wks w/ prego
estradiol & progesterone functions:
1.develop female rep system, physique, & bone growth
2.regulate pms & sustain prego
3.prepare mammary glands for lactation
Both secrete inhibin which supresses FSH secretion |
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Term
| What are the cells of the testies called, what do they secrete and what are the functions? |
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Definition
Interstitial cells produce testosterone & estrogen.
Function;
1.develop of male rep system and physique.
2.sustain sperm production and sex drive
Sustentacular cells
-secrete inhibin, supresses FSH secretion which stabilizes sperm production rates. |
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Term
| What are the endocrine function of other organs like the heart, skin, and liver? |
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Definition
Heart-ANP secrtion w/increased BP.
-it decreases blood volume and BP by increasing NA and h20 loss by kidneys.
Skin;
helps produce Vitamin D3
Liver;
-15% of EPO, stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC
-Angiotensinogen to AT2
-soure of IGF-I (works w/GH)
-converts v-D3 to calcidil
-hepcidin-promotes intertinal absorption of iron |
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Term
| what are endocrine functions of the kidneys, stomach & intestines, and placenta? |
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Definition
Kidneys-produce 85% of EPO
-converts Angio to AT1
-converts calcidiol to calcitrol
*increase absorption by intestine & inhibits loss in urine
*more ca available for bone depostion
Stomach & Int (10 enteric hormones)
-coordinate digestive motility & secrtion
Placenta;
secrets estro and progestro which regulates prego, stimulate development of fetus and mammary glands. |
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