Term
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Definition
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Term
| lipids do not readily dissolve in |
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Definition
water
can dissolve in organic solids |
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Term
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Definition
most common form of lipids in body & foods;
3 fatty acid chains + 1 gycerol
95% of lipids in food
65 g RDA (?) |
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Term
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Definition
component of cell membranes' phospholipid bilayer;
2 fatty acid chains+ 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate group
ex: LECITHIN: found in soy bean & egg yolk; most common cholesterol; great emulsifier
all phospholipids can be produced in adequate amounts by the body |
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Term
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Definition
cholesterol
structure: 4 6-C rings and one 5-C house
<300 mg cholesterol/ day
PHOSPHOTILECHOLINE |
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Term
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Definition
adipose tissue
adipose cells= nucleus + cell membrane+ fat droplet, which can grow without limit; however, the number of adipose cells in the body is limited |
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Term
| energy concentration of fats |
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Definition
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Term
| * excess carbs can be converted into fats |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*concentrated source of energy
*protection from the environment
*absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
*satiety (ex: breast milk gets increasingly fat dense during nursing sesh)
*essential fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
found in soy bean & egg yolk;
most common cholesterol;
great emulsifier, major component of cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| no double bonds; maximum number of hydrogens; methyl grou& acid group |
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Term
| monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid, omega-9) |
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Definition
single double bond
ex: canola & olive |
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Term
| oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| polyunsaturated fatty acid (alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3/ linolenic acid, omega-6) |
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Definition
2+ double bonds; help keep membranes fluid
corn, soybean, sunflower, & safflower oils are rich in ALA |
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Term
| oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
| corn, soybean, sunflower, & safflower oils |
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Term
| foods/ oils rich in saturated fatty acids |
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Definition
coconut oil> butter> palm oil > lard/ beef fat > chicken fat
?
notes say all oils are low in saturated fats compared with animal fats |
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Term
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Definition
naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogens on the same side of the C-C double bond
causes backbone to bend |
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Term
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Definition
unnatural form of unsaturated fatty acid
during processing, the Cs of the C-C double bond are transferred to opposite sides of the bond
backbone remains straighter--> similar in shape to saturated fatty acid
*limit trans fats amap |
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Term
| naturally occurring trans fats (exceptions) |
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Definition
CLA family;
found in beef, milk, and butter |
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Term
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Definition
structure: 4 6-C rings and one 5-C house
<300 mg cholesterol/ day
only found in animal fat |
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Term
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Definition
rich in monounsaturated (61%, 2nd to olive oil)
high in ALA (11%)
7% saturated fat
21% LA (polyunsaturated)
11% ALA (polunsaturated omega-3)
61% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
richest in linolenic acid (polyunsaturated) 76%
10% saturated
76% LA
trace ALA
14% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
rich in Linolenic Acid (polyunsaturated, 71%)
12% saturated
71% LA
1% ALA
16% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
rich in LA (57%) OMEGA 6
13% saturated
57% LA
1% ALA
29% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
richest in monounsaturated fatty acids (75%)
OMEGA 6
15% saturated
9% LA
1% ALA
75% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
pretty average oil
high in ALA (8%)
15% saturated
54% LA
8% ALA
23% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
pretty average oil; good, natural, stable oil
19% saturated
33% LA
trace ALA
48% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
pretty average oil
27% saturated
54% LA
trace ALA
48% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
12 mg cholesterol/Tbsp
43% saturated fat
9% LA
1% ALA
47% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
14 mg cholesterol/Tbsp
48% saturated
2% LA
1% ALA
49% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
51% saturated
10% LA
trace ALA
39% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
33 mg cholesterol/tbsp
68% saturated
3% LA
1% ALA
28% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
rich in saturated fat (91%)
91% saturated
2% LA
no ALA
7% monounsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| highly saturated oils DO/DO NOT oxidize |
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Definition
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Term
| polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
| family containing omega-3s and omega-6s |
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Term
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Definition
alpha-linolenic acid
parent compound of omega-3s
18 carbons: 3 double bonds: last double bond is 3 dbs from the methyl end
18:3w3
suggested link to prostate cancer
body can't process ALA as easily as DHA or EPA
food sources: canola oil, eggs (sometimes), flaxseed/ flax oil, plant source of omega-3s |
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Term
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Definition
| omega-9 fatty acid; most common monounsaturated fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
Docahexaenoic acid
omega-3, derived from ALA
22:6w3
22 carbons, 6 dbs, last db 3 Cs from methyl end
most important fatty acid
regulates electrical impulses in body
* in <3: helps prevent cardiac death by keeping <3 beat regulat
* in brain: increases impulse & signal transduction speed
* eyes: outer rod segments of retinas are high in DHA
* baby formula
* can be converted to ALA by body, but conversion is slow
* found in small, cold-water fish (salmon, herring, tuna, sardines)
* also found in flaxseed/ flaxseed oil, walnuts, & dark green leafy vegetables (but ALAs in these veggie sources), algal oil |
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Term
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Definition
Eicosapentaenoic acid
omega-3, derived from ALA
20:5w3
20 Cs, 5 dbs, last db 3 Cs from methyl end
can inhibit AA metabolism, b/c very similar in structure
food sources: small, cold water fish (salmon, herring, tuna, sardines)
* cardiovascular disease prevention via electrical impulse regulation |
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Term
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Definition
small, cold-water fish (herring, salmon, sardines, cod, etc)
algal oil |
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Term
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Definition
| small, cold water fish (salmon, herring, cod, sardines, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| canola oil, eggs (sometimes), flaxseed/ flax oil, plant sources |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| corn oil, safflower oil, etc |
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Term
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Definition
linoleic acid, omega-6
18:2w6
18 C, 2 dbs, last db 6 Cs from methyl end
essential for reproduction
food sources: corn oil, safflower oil, etc |
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Term
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Definition
arachidonic acid
omega-6, derived from LA?
20:4w6
20 Cs, 4 dbs, last db 6 Cs from methyl end
pre-cursor for some pro-inflammatory compounds
metabolism of AA can be inhibited by excess EPA b/c of similar structure |
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Term
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Definition
boost <3 health: ANTI-COAGULATORY (keep platelets thin) & ANTI-AGGREGATORY (keep blood from clotting)
boost brain fcn: esp. helps babies w/ brain fcn & physical dexterity
DHA might help fight post-partem depression & post-traumatic depression |
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Term
| excess omega-3 complications |
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Definition
long bleeding time
similar effect to aspirin: aspirin keeps blood from clotting/ aspirin & omega 3s inhibit the action of omega-6s |
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Term
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Definition
| low omega 3s, high mercury |
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Term
| excess omega-3 complications |
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Definition
long bleeding time
similar effect to aspirin: aspirin keeps blood from clotting/ aspirin & omega 3s inhibit the action of omega-6s |
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Term
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Definition
fats have longer FA chains & higher degrees of saturation
fats are solid at room temp, oils are liquid |
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Term
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Definition
fats have longer FA chains & higher degrees of saturation
fats are solid at room temp, oils are liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| limiting amino acid in grains |
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Term
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Definition
| limiting amino acid in beans |
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Term
| complementary protein meals |
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Definition
| beans & rice, pasta & lentils, peanut butter (legume) & bread (grain), beans & tortillas |
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Term
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Definition
0.8 g protein/ 1 kg body weight
(1kg=2.2 lb)
range = (40, 80)
athletes need 1.2 to 1.7 g protein/kg body weight per day |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor//Marasmus |
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Term
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Definition
PEM
edema, fatty liver, gray/red hair
caused by not enough protein, but sufficient calories: child breast fed until next child is born (breast milk is protein-rich) |
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Term
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Definition
skin & bones appearance (6-18 months), skeletal, thin, weathered appearance
cause: insufficient protein & insufficient calories |
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Term
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Definition
* hard on kidneys
* high protein intake may increase Ca excretion
* high quality protein sources (animal sources) are also high in saturated fats |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins consumed= proteins excreted |
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Term
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Definition
eating more proteins that excreting
necessary in pregnancy, body building, growth |
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Term
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Definition
excreting more proteins than consuming
happens as a result of fasting, some intestinal tract disease, kidney disease, increased secretion of certain hormones (thyroid), & to burn victims |
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Term
| advice for vegetarians to get adequate protein |
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Definition
* cook in an iron skillet
* eat sufficient:
iron (normally consumed in meat)
zinc (meat)
calcium (animal biproducts)
vitamin B12 (exclusively in animal biproducts)
vitamin D (milk)
riboflavin (approx. 50% found in milk)
omega-3 fatty acids (fish)
**too much folate will mask riboflavin deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| masks riboflavin deficiency--> BAD |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| weight loss diet effect on protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
broken down into C skeleton of amino acids
Nitrogen: urea must be removed if making fat or glycogen (if fasting, makes glycogen). fine as long as kidneys fcn, but too much protein can put strain on kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| growth: structural functions, muscle, enzymes, some hormones, antibodies (immune function), transport protein compounds, acid-base balance (acting as buffers), source of energy |
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Term
| dietary sources & structures or types in diet of protein |
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Definition
complete: contain all amino acids necessary to supply body's needs; HIGH biological value; come from animal sources (meat & dairy)
partially complete:
incomplete:
* complementary proteins
*structure: made of amino acids; essential vs non-essential amino acids: non-essential amino acids can be made from other AAs in the body; however essentials must be absorbed from diet
dispensable//indispensable amino acids: non-essential//essential
side chain +
20 different AAs |
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Term
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Definition
protein must be denatured by HCl in stomach/ cooking
pepsin: protein digesting enzyme in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| looking fat, but it's just water in the belly. result of sufficient calories and insufficient protein? |
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Term
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Definition
38 g/ day (men)
25 g/ day (women) |
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