Term
| Why have eukaryotic cells evolved such a complex sequence of events to divide? |
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Definition
| It is a solution to sorting out a large number of long chromosomes. |
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Term
| How does the cell condense its DNA so it can be sorted during cell division? |
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Definition
| More proteins fold up the DNA of each chromosome into compact structures that are about 10x shorter than they are during the rest of the cell cycle. |
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Term
| What are the two functions of the centromere on a chromosome? |
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Definition
1) It temporary holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication
2) It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division. |
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Term
| Distinguish between a duplicated chromosome and sister chromatids. |
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Definition
| A duplicated chromosome is a eukaryotic chromosome following DNA replication, consists of two sister chromatides joined at the centromere. The sister chromatids are two identical strands of DNA and protein that forms a duplicated chromosome and are joined at the centromere. |
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Term
| What is the process that produces a duplicated chromsome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process will separate the sister chromatids and distribute them into daughter cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sister chromatids called after they have been separated and disturbed into daughter cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Units of inheritance that are segments of DNA ranging from a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides long. They spell out the instructions for making proteins of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical location of a gene on a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleotides at the end of a chromosome that protect the chromosome from damage during condensation, and prevent the end of one chromosome from attaching to the end of another chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of a replicated chromosome at which the sister chromatids are held together until they separate during cell division. |
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Term
| Distinguish the difference between a duplicated chromosome, a sister chromatid, and a single chromosome. |
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Definition
| A duplicated chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, which are two identical DNA helices. When the sister chromatids separate during mitotic division, they become two single chromatids. |
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Term
| What are the two components of the eukaryotic cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Interphase and Cell Division (Mitosis) |
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Term
| Which portion of the cell cycle does the cell spend most of its time in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a cell do during interphase? |
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Definition
| It grows, replicates its DNA, and differentiates. |
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Term
| What are the three sub-phases of interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It grows, it specializes, or differentiates to perform a specific function, and it is sensitive to internal and external signals to help decide whether or not to divide. If positive it goes into S phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specialization of a cell to perform a specific function. |
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Term
| What event occurs during S? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It grows more and then synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division. |
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Term
| What does mitotic cell division consist of? |
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Definition
Mitosis - nuclear division
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division |
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Term
| How many daughter cells are produced by mitotic cell division and how do they compare to the parent cell? |
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Definition
| 2 daughter cells are produced and are genetically identical to themselves and the parent cell. |
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Term
| What functions does mitotic cell division serve in eukaryotic organisms? |
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Definition
1) Mechanism of asexual reproduction
2) Allows a fertilized egg to grow into an adult
3) Allows an organism to maintin its tissues
4) Repair damaged parts of body/regeneration
5) Stem cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| An undifferentiated cell that is capable of dividing and giving rise to one or more distinct types of differentiated cells. |
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Term
| What are the four phases of mitosis? |
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Definition
| Metaphse, Prophase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
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Term
| What events occur during prophase? |
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Definition
1) The duplicated chromosomes condense.
2) The spindle microtubules form.
3) The chromosomes are captured by the spindle microtubules. |
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Term
| What is the role of the spindle microtubules? |
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Definition
| They control movement of the chromosomes and separateWhat struct chromosomes during mitosis. |
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Term
| What structure do spindle microtubules originated from in animal cells? |
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Definition
| They originate from a region in which a pair of microtubules containing structures called centrioles are located. **** See Book **** |
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Term
| What happens to the chromosomes during metaphase? |
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Definition
| The two kinetochores on a duplicated chromosome engage in a "tug of war" during which the microtubules lengthen or shorten, until each chromosome lines up along the equator of the cell with one kinectochore facing each pole. |
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Term
| What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase? What shape does the cell take? |
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Definition
| The sister chromatids sepearte becoming seperate, independent daughter chromosomes. The cell assumes an oval shape. |
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Term
| What events occur during telophase? |
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Definition
| The chromatin uncoil again and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappear. The spindle microtubules disintegrate and a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes. They chromosomes revert to their extended state, and the nucleolus forms. Cytokinesis also occurs which is the cytoplasmic division. |
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Term
| Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells. |
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Definition
| A ring of microfilaments contract, dividing cells in two, each daughter gets one nucleus and 1/2 the cytoplasm. The cell pinches and forms a furrow and the cell eventually splits into two. |
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Term
| Describe the process of cytokinesis in plant cells |
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Definition
1) Carbohhydrate-filled vesicles bud off the Golgi apparatus and move to the equator of the cell. The cell plate forms.
2) The vesicles fuse to form a new cell wall and plasma membrane between the daughter cells.
3) Complete separation of the daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the DNA intact and suitable for replication? Cell size? |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the DNA been completely and accurately replicated? Is the genetic material intact and error free? Is all genetic material duplicated? cell size? |
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Term
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Definition
| Are all of the chromosomes attached to the spindle and aligned at the equator? |
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Term
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Definition
| (cyclin dependent kinase, adds phosphate to a protein), along with cyclins, are major control switches for the cell cycle, causing the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Maturation Promoting Factor) includes the CdK and cyclins that triggers progression through the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a protein that functions to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage is severe this protein can cause apoptosis (cell death). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a protein that binds to cyclin and cdk blocking entry into S phase. Recent research (Nature Medicine 3, 152 (1997)) suggests that breast cancer prognosis is determined by p27 levels. Reduced levels of p27 predict a poor outcome for breast cancer patients. |
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Term
| What two molecules control the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Uncontrolled cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do cancer cells behave differently than normal cells? |
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Definition
1) Cancer cells ignore regulation signals and grow in the absence of growth promoting and growth inhabiting signals.
2) Cancer cells fail to undergo cell death and live forever.
3) Cancer cells divide indefinitely.
4) Some are capable of angiogeneis or the ability to promote the growth of blood vessels.
5) Some can metasize or move to othher parts of the body. |
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Term
| When does apoptosis happen? |
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Definition
| Cell is damaged or with age |
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Term
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Definition
| Limit of 50-80x that a cell can divide as the telomeres get smaller and smaller with each division. |
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Term
| Why do cancer cells divide indefinitely? |
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Definition
| Cancer cells can regenerate their lost telomeres with an enzyme called telomerase (most normal cells cannot), this allows them to divide forever. |
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Term
| How do telomeres act in normal cells? |
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Definition
| They get shorter as the cells divide more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows the telomeres to regenerate so the cells can divide forever. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to promote the growth of blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to migrate to other parts of the body. |
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Term
| Appearance of cancer cells |
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Definition
1) Large, irregular shaped nucleus
2) Large variation in size
3) Disorganized (out of proper position)
4)Darker in color |
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Term
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Definition
| When a gene is being transcribed and translated into a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal cells: Usually off
Cancer cells: on
Codes for an enzyme that regenerates Telomeres allowing cell to divide forever. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal cell: on
Cancer cell: on
Codes for enzymes needed for the cell to metabolize glucose to generate ATP needed to fuel cell activities. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal: ON
Cancer: ON
Codes for proteins that promote cell division |
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Term
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Definition
Normal: ON
Cancer: OFF
Codes for proteins that prevent cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal: OFF
Cancer: ON
Codes for proteins that promote the growth of new blood vessels so cell can obtain more glucose from the blood stream. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal: OFF
Cancer: ON
Code for proteins that allow the cell to migrate to other areas of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired chromosomes that carry the same complement of genes but are not identical due to the variations in the alleles for each gene. |
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