Term
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + heat |
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Term
| What is the key energy storage molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions, carried out in the CYTOPLASM, that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, producing two ATP molecules. This does NOT require oxygen, but can continue if oxygen is present. It is also the FIRST stage in the breakdown of glucose. |
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Term
| What happens during glycolysis and how much ATP is produced from this process? |
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Definition
| It begins the breakdown of glucose by producing two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). Two ATP molecules are produced. |
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Term
| What are the three stages of cellular respiration (in order)? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC |
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Term
| Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| It occurs in the mitochondria or organelles called "powerhouses" of the cell. |
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Term
| Which type of cell would you expect to have more mitochondria? Why? |
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Definition
| Muscle cells because they need more energy to function correctly. |
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Term
| Why do the final reactions of cellular respiration require oxygen? |
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Definition
| In ETC, oxygen is the final electron carrier. Oxygen takes in hydrogen ions to keep the reaction moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate is split, forming an acetyl group and releases CO2. The acetyl group reacts with CoA, forming acetyl CoA. During this reaction, two high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylical series of reactions, occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria, in which the acetyl groups from the pyruvic acids produced by glycolysis are broken down to Co2 accompanied by the formation of ATP and electron carriers, also called the citric acid cycle. |
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Term
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
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Definition
| A series of electron carrier molecules, found in the thylakoid energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules. |
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Term
| Which stage of cellular respiration is Co2 made? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the structure of the inner membrane of the mitochondria help in the functioning of the process of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| The folds create membranes (hydrogen ion gradient) for easier energy transfer across the gradients. |
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Term
| What theory do scientists hypothesize about glycolysis/fermentation and why? |
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Definition
| Scientists hypothesize that early life forms relied on glycolysis for energy production, but they appeared under anaerobic conditions. This was because they were the earliest life forms and therefore relied on fermentation. |
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Term
| Under what circumstance does the process of fermentation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can you get fat from eating too much sugar? |
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Definition
| Fat is important for survival, and cells have metabolic pathways that can chemically transform numerous foods like sugar into fat if consumed in excessive amounts. Ex: Sugars are broken down into glucose and fructose. They are both converted to G3P, but if the cell already has enough ATP, some of the G3P is converted into glycerol, which is the backbone of fat. |
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Term
| What are two types of fermentation? |
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Definition
| Alcholic fermentation and Lactic Acid fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaerobic reactions that convert the pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis into lactic acid, using hydrogen ions and electrons. *SEE BOOK |
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Term
| Where does lactic acid fermentation tend to occur? |
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Definition
| It tends to occur in the muscles of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol (a type of alcohol) and Co2, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of alcoholic fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions. |
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Term
| What type of organisms engage in alcoholic fermentation? |
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Definition
| Microorganisms such as as yeast (single-celled fungi) |
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Term
| Equation for lactic acid fermentation |
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Definition
| 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADPH -> Lactic Acid + NADH+ |
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Term
| Equation for alcoholic fermentation |
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Definition
| 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 Co2 + NAD+ |
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