Term
|
Definition
| The process by which solar energy is trapped and stored as chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules such as sugar. |
|
|
Term
| In which organelles does photosynthesis occur and where are most of these located within the plant? |
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts-located in leaf cells. |
|
|
Term
| Describe two ways the structure of the leaf is perfectly adapted for photosynthesis.` |
|
Definition
| The leaf cells are flat and have a large surface area to the sun. They also are covered with cuticle, a transparent, waxy waterproof covering that reduces evaporation of water from the leaf. The stomata also allow for gas exchange. It allows CO2 to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out. |
|
|
Term
| In which cells of the leaf does photosynthesis primarily occur? How many chloroplasts does each chloroplast contain? |
|
Definition
| It occurs mostly in the mesophyll, or the "middle of the leaf" is where photosynthesis primarily occurs. Each has 40-50 chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall formula for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main groups of reactions that occur during photosynthesis? What links the two? |
|
Definition
| The two main groups of reactions that occur during photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. Energy of sunlight into chemical energy shared in bonds of glucose. This involves two stages: the light reactions and the calvin cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the chloroplast do the two main groups of reactions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide a basic summary of what occurs during the light-dependent reactions. |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in the membrane of the chloroplast thylakoids capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into chemical energy stored in the energy-carrier molecules ATP and NADPH. Water is split apart, and oxygen gas is released as a by-product. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize what occurs during the Calvin Cycle. |
|
Definition
| Enzymes in the fluid stroma located located outside the thylakoids use Co2 from the atmosphere and chemical energy from the energy-carrier molecules to drive the synthesis of a three-carbon sugar that will be used to make glucose. |
|
|
Term
| When sunlight is captured and converted to chemical energy, what two molecules is the chemical energy stored in? |
|
Definition
| It is stored in ATP and NADPH. |
|
|
Term
| What is the key light-capturing pigment molecule in chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In thylakoid membranes, a cluster of chlorophyll, accessory pigment molecules, proteins, and other molecules that collectively capture light energy, transfer some of the energy to electrons, and transfer energetic electrons to an adjacent electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules, found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and the inner membrane of mitochondria, that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of electrons within the thylakoid membranes during the light dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| PSII -> ETCII -> PSI -> ETCI -> NADP+ |
|
|
Term
| How is ATP generated by photosystem II during the light reactions? |
|
Definition
| As light comes in, electrons move along the membranes creating a gradient. Then hydrogen ions are forced across the membrane through the ATP synthase. The splitting of the water molecule also produces energy. See the reading guide!!!! |
|
|
Term
| How are the electrons lost from the reaction center in photosystem II replenished? What gas is released as a byproduct? |
|
Definition
| Electrons jump out of it when they are energized by light. So there have to be replaced. They are replaced by electrons in water. An enzyme associated with PSII splits molecules, freeing electrons that will free up electrons that will replace the lost ones. Hydrogen ions are also released that contribute to the H+ gradient that arises ATP synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| How is NADPH generated by photosystem I during the light reactions? |
|
Definition
| See back of reading guide. |
|
|
Term
| How are the electrons lost form photosystem I replenished? |
|
Definition
| The energized electron that is picked up by the primary electron acceptor of PSI is immediately replaced by an energy-depleted electron from ETCII. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reactants of the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| Energy (light) and water are the reactants of the light-dependent reactions. ADP and NADP+ are also reactants. |
|
|
Term
| What is produced from the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| O2 or oxygen is produced from the light-dependent reactions? ATP and NADPH are also both synthesized. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| The electrons are going to be used to form the calvin cycle -> transferred back to ADP and NADP+. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Calvin-Benson cycle? |
|
Definition
| The ATP and NADPH are dissolved in the fluid stroma surrounding the thylakoids. They power the synthesized of a simple three-carbon sugar (G3P). 3 stages 1) carbon fixation 2) the synthesis of G3P 3) The regeneration of RuBP |
|
|
Term
| Where does the energy required to synthesize glucose during the light-independent reactions come from? |
|
Definition
| It comes from the ATP and NADPH that were synthesized in the light reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of the Calvin Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle work together? |
|
Definition
| The energy needed to power the Calvin Cycle is created in the light-dependent reactions by synthesizing ATP and NADPH. |
|
|
