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Definition
| Development is the process by which a multicellular organism grows and increases in organization and complexity. |
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Term
| What are the three principal mechanisms that contribute to development? |
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Definition
1. Individual cells multiply.
2. Some of their daughter cells differentiate, or specialize, ins structure and function.
3. As cells differentiate, groups of cells move about and become organized into multicellular structures. |
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Definition
| The early cell divisions of embryos, in which little or no growth occurs between divisions, reduces cell size and distributes gene-regulating substances to the newly formed cell. |
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Definition
| In sexual reproduction, a diploid cell (the fertilized egg) formed by the fusion of a solid ball of cells. |
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Definition
| In animals, an embryonic stage during cleavage when the embryo consists of a solid ball of cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The process whereby a blastula develops into a gastrula, including the formulation of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. |
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Definition
| The site at which a blastula indents to form a gastlrula. |
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Definition
| In animal development, a three-layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm cell layers. The endoderm layer usually encloses the primitive gut. |
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Definition
| Epidermis of the skin; hair; lining of the mouth and nose; glands of the skin; nervous system. |
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Definition
| Dermis of the skin; muscle, skeleton; circulatory system; gonads; kidneys; outer layers of the digestive and respiratory tracts. |
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Definition
| Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts; liver, pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| If every cell in the body contains all the genes needed to produce an entire animal, then how are cells in the body different? |
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Definition
| In any given cell, only some genes are used/expressed,while others are not. |
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Term
| What determines the structure and function of the different cells? |
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Definition
| The transcription of cells and which genes are transcribed determines the structure and function of different cells. Different transcription factors bind to different genes and turn their transcription on or off. |
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Term
| What are the two processes that drive the differentiation of individual cells and the development of entire structures? |
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Definition
1. The actions of gene-regulating substances inherited from the mother in her egg.
2. Chemical communication between the cells of the embryo. |
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Term
| Describe how the different locations of where the cells are located can determine which type of cell they become. |
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Definition
| In mammals, the daughter cells all have the same structure and function during cleavage. The function of a specific cell is based on location of where that cell is in the embryo and by chance during the transition from the morula to the blastocyst. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a group of cells causes other cells to differentiate into a specific tissue type. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of DNA coding for a transcription factor protein that activates or inactivates many other genes that control the development of specific major parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| An early stage of human embryonic development, consisting of a hollow ball of cells enclosing a mass of cells attached to its inner surface, which becomes the embryo. |
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Definition
| A cluster of 40 cells that becomes the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby the early embryo embeds itself within the lining of the uterus. |
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Term
| What potential do the cells in the inner cell mass have? |
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Definition
| These cells have the potential of developing into any type of tissue, which allows the inner cell mass to produce the entire embryo and the three remaining extraembryonic membranes. |
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Term
| When does differentiation into specialization begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the embryo called a fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An undifferentiated cell that is capable of dividing and giving rise to one or more distinct types of differentiated cells |
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Term
| Embryonic stem cells (where they are derived from and what type of cell it can become) |
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Definition
Derived from the inner cell mass
Can become any of the cell types of the entire body |
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Term
| Adult stem cells (where they are derived from and what type of cell it can become) |
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Definition
Derived from most parts of the body (liver, muscle, skin, brain, heart)
Only a few types |
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Term
| Induced pluripotent stem cells (where they are derived from and what type of cell it can become) |
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Definition
Derived from normal cells (when genes are inserted into them)
All cell types |
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Term
| What has been the problem with using induced pluripotent stem cells up until 2009? |
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Definition
| Generating iPSCs required either at least one cancer-causing gene or the use of a potentially dangerous virus that inserts its DNA into the chromosomes of the host cells. |
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Term
| What was reported in September 2009? |
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Definition
| A group at the Salk Institute and the University of California at San Diego reported that they had transformed fetal human neural stem cells into iPSCs using a single, non non corcinogenic genes. It implies that it may be possible make iPSCs safe for clinical use. |
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Term
| What are some examples of how stem cells might be used in medicine? |
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Definition
| It could help prevent heart attacks by injecting ASCs into the damaged heart. It could produce more insulin-creating cells to cure type I diabetes. |
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Term
| What are the obstacles to surmount before stem cells can become effective therapies? |
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Definition
Embryos must be killed to obtain ESCs.
The immune system would reject ASCs or ESCs that are not genetically identical or a close match to the recipient.
ESCs and iPSCs may not be healthy enough for humans. Some ESCs developed into a brain tumor. |
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Term
| What is the best case scenario for stem cell use? |
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Definition
| ESCs could be made safe and could still differentiate into all cell types. |
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