Term
| Carbon has how many valence electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the shapes of carbon atoms? |
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Definition
| Branched chains, rings, sheets, and helics |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
-COOH
Polar
Found in fatty acids and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
-NH2
Polar
Found in Amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
-O-H
Polar
Found in glycerol, glucose, and fructose. Steroids too |
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Term
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Definition
-C=O
Polar
Found in sugars, hormones, vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
-S-H
Polar
Forms disulfide bonds in proteins
Found in amino acids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
PO4
nonpolar
Found in lipids and fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other, forming water, reverse of hydrolosis. The purpose is to remove a hydrogen ion from one subunit and a hydroxyl from a second. This forms a water molecule and a covalent bond that links them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits the molecule back into its subunits. Water gives one hydrogen ion to one subunit and a hydroxyl ion to the other. |
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Term
| Four Main Categories of biological molecules |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids |
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Term
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Definition
Made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
1:2:1
Sugars
Monosaccharides-one sugar; disaccharides-2 monos bonded together; polysaccharide-chain of monosaccharides.
Functions: energy source for cells; subunit of polysaccharides, energy storage
Polar
Monomer unit: glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose |
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Term
| Three monosaccharides that have formula C6H12O6 |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common in living organisms and is an important energy source for cells and a subunit of polysaccharides. |
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Term
| Two most common monsaccharides that contain five carbons |
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Definition
| Ribose and deoxyribose-ribose found in RNA and deoxyribose found in DNA |
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Term
| Three types of disaccharides |
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Definition
| Sucrose, lactose, and maltose. |
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Term
| Chemical formula for a disaccharide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Long-term energy storage
Found in seeds and roots of plants
Branched chains of up to 0.5 million; all glucose subunits oriented in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
Long-term energy storage
Found in liver and muscles of animals
A chain of glucose subunits, more highly branched than starch but also a chain of glucose subunits |
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Term
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Definition
Forms the cell wall that surrounds each plant cell, the fluffy bolls of cotton plants, and half of the bulk of tree trunks. Protects any vertebrate enzyme from attacking.
Found in cell walls of plants, tree trunks, cotton bolls
Every other glucose is "upside down". Composed of glucose subunits. |
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Term
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Definition
Stiffens cell walls of fungi and forms of exoskeletons of insects, spiders, etc.
Some bonding as glucose, but instead the glucose subunits have a nitrogen containing functional group instead of a hydroxyl group
Found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects, etc. |
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Term
| Three Major classifications of lipids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long chain of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end. |
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Term
| Difference between calories/gram stored in fats/oils compared to sugars/proteins |
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Definition
Fats: 9 cal/gram
Carbs/Protein: 4 cal/gram |
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Term
| Fats, Oils and waxes (chart) |
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Definition
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Ratio: large amounts of carbon and hydrogen, very few oxygen
Polarity: nonpolar/nonsoluable
Polymer unit-triglyceride-3 fatty acids with a glucose
Monomer unit-one glycerol
Functions of fats: energy storage
Oils: energy storage
waxes: waterproof coating for stems/leaves of plants |
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Term
| Formation of triglycerides |
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Definition
| Dehydration synthesis links a single glycerol molecule with three fatty acids to form a triglyceride and 3 water molecules |
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Term
| Functional groups involved in the synthesis of triglycerides: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
C-C bond: no double C (O=C-C-C-C)
Shape: Straight and molecules close together
Physical state at room temp: solid lump
Ex: fat, butter |
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Term
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Definition
C-C bond: (C-C=C-C)
Shape: with kinks
Physical state: liquid
Ex: oil |
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Term
| What two categories of lipids are important in cell membranes: |
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Definition
| Phospholipids and cholesterols |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Their functions are structural movement, defense, storage, signalizing, and catalyzing reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fundamental structure of ALL amino acids |
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Definition
| Central carbon bonded with three different functional groups-a nitrogen amino group (-NH2) a caboxylic acid group (-COOH)and an "R" group that varies among amino acids |
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Term
| What is the variable "R" group on an amino acid? |
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Definition
| It varies among different amino acids. It also gives each amino acid unique properties and determines if the amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. |
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Term
| How are proteins formed? (process and explanation of which functional groups are involved) |
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Definition
| Dehydration synthesis-the nitrogen amino group of the amino acid is joined to a carbon in the carboxylic acid group by a single covalent bond called a peptide bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bond that forms between amino acids in a protein |
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Term
| Proteins/Polypeptides (# of amino acids) |
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Definition
| Chains of 50+ amino acids |
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Term
| Peptide (number of amino acids) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds which hold it together |
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Term
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Definition
| Helix-spring like secondary structure-Hydrogen bonds between polar portions of the amino acids hold it together. Hydrogen bonds formed between the oxygens of the carbonyl functional groups (negative charges) and the hydrogens of the amino funtional groups (positive charges) hold the turns of the coils together |
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Term
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Definition
Folding of the helix-resulting in hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules.
Hydrophillic amino acids exposed and hydrophibic around the center of the molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
Individual polypeptides are linked together by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges.
Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or attractions between oppositely charged portions of different amino acids hold it together. |
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Term
| What determines the structure and function of a protein? |
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Definition
| The exact type, position, and number of amino acids bearing specific R groups determines the structure and function. |
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Term
| What does it mean for a protein to be denatured? |
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Definition
| It means that the protein's secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures are altered while leaving the primary structure intact. It has different properties and will not perform its function. heat, ultraviolet rays, or solutions that are salty or acidic can cause this to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules with a three-part structure: a five-carbon sugar, a phospyhate functional group, and a nitrogen containing base that differs among nucleotides. ex: DNA, RNA, ATP |
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Term
| What is the functions of nucleotides in a cell? |
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Definition
| ATP carries energy from place to place within a cell, storing the energy in bonds between nits phosphate groups. NAD+ and FAD transport energy in the form of high-energy electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleic acids are organic molecules composed of nucleotide subunits (RNA/DNA). They are long chains (polymers) of nucleotides. One nucleotide is covalently bonded to the sugar of the next (how it is synthesized). |
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Term
| What does DNA serve in cells? |
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Definition
| Spells out genetic information needed to construct the proteins of each organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Directs the synthesis of proteins |
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