Term
|
Definition
| The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two-part Latin name of a species; consists of the genus name followed by the species name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic rank composed of related species. Closely related genera make up a family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of a population or group of populations that evolves independently of other populations; a population or group of populations that interbreed freely with one another under natural conditions but that do not interbreed with members of other populations. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the scientific name of two species names for bluebirds. |
|
Definition
| Sialia sialis and Sialia currucoides |
|
|
Term
| What method did Linnaean classification system use to classify species? |
|
Definition
| Linnaeus placed each species into a series of hierarcically arranged categories on the basis of its resemblance to other species. |
|
|
Term
| List in order the eight major categories of taxonomic ranks in the Linnaean classification system from largest to smallest. |
|
Definition
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Without Domain: (King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup)
With Domain: Dumb King Phillip came over for great spaghetti |
|
|
Term
| After the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what did biologists determine that classification ought to reflect? |
|
Definition
| The pattern of evolutionary relatedness among organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What does classification focus almost exclusively on today? |
|
Definition
| It focuses on reconstructing phylogeny, or evolutionary history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogenics and naming clades. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group that includes all the organisms descended from a common ancestor, but no other organisms; a monophyletic group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagram showing the evolutionary history of organisms based on differences in amino acid sequences. Organisms with fewer differences are placed closer together while those with more differences are further apart |
|
|
Term
| Summarize how systematic identifies features that reveal evolutionary relationships. |
|
Definition
| These scientists distinguish informative similarities caused by common ancestry from uninformative similarities that result from convergent evolution. They look at many characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things that systematics look carefully at to determine evolutionary relationships? |
|
Definition
| Internal structures, external structures, and molecular |
|
|
Term
| Why is DNA useful in determining evolutionary changes? |
|
Definition
| Because DNA is the molecule of heredity, evolutionary changes must be reflected in DNA. |
|
|
Term
| How does a single species divide into two species? |
|
Definition
| The gene pool of each resulting species accumulates mutations. As more mutations accumulate, the two species evolve independently, and thus become more independent and eventually two separate species. |
|
|
Term
| As time passes, how do the genetic differences compare between two separating species? |
|
Definition
| There are more and more genetic differences between them. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important that only certain segments of DNA are used to sequence in Molecular systematics? |
|
Definition
| Different parts of the genome evolve at different rates, and it is crucial to sequence a DNA segment whose rate of change is well matched to the phylogenetic question at hand. |
|
|
Term
| Can only one gene be used to provide an accurate picture of evolutionary change across the genome? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No because it is sometimes difficult to find any single gene that will yield sufficient information to provide an accurate picture. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains in the three-domain system? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
|
|
Term
| What are the clades of Eukarya? |
|
Definition
| Plants, fungi, and animals |
|
|
Term
| What does a diagram of phylogenetic reconstruction typically look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A named species or group of species |
|
|
Term
| What approach do most systematists use to reconstruct phylogenetic trees? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trait that is similar in two or more taxa because these taxa inherited a "derived" version of the trait that had changed from its original state in a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| What challenge do systematists face in real life with synamorphies? |
|
Definition
| They are faced with challenges such as knowing if the observed similarity a synamorphy or if the trait has another cause such as convergent evolution or common inheritance of the ancestral state. |
|
|
Term
| How do systematists guard against error of mistaken interpretations of synapomorphies? |
|
Definition
| They use numerous traits to build a tree, thereby minimizing the influences of any single trait. |
|
|
Term
| In the cladistic approach of making a phylogenetic tree, what should the group consist of? (What does the principle say?) |
|
Definition
| Organisms that are most closely related than any other organisms outside the group |
|
|
Term
| What is a paraphyletic group? |
|
Definition
| Groups that contain some but not all of the descendants of a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a paraphyletic group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the group reptiles considered monophyletic and why? |
|
Definition
| If birds are included in the group, it is considered a monophyletic group because birds are part of the group that includes all living descendants of the common ancestors that gave rise to snakes, turtles, etc. |
|
|
Term
| When are species designations changed? |
|
Definition
| When new information is discovered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total range of species diversity |
|
|
