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| the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet. |
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| the wise maintenance and use of natural resources (word coined by Gifford Pinchot) |
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new movement, brings together ecology, wildlife biology, molecular biology, systematics,
evolutionary biology and population genetics to
seek species richness and diversity |
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| study of interactions that determine distribution and abundance of organisms |
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| 1. feed themselves 2. protect themselves 3. reproduce |
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| natural range that the animal would it have been naturally before human intervention, i.e. precolumbian US |
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| Natural history (species) |
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| specific descriptions of wildlife species, invertebrates, and plants 1) general characteristics 2) scientific/common name 3) geographic range of distribution 4) reproduction (natatlity) 5) behavior 6) adaptations and habits (autoecology) 7) population dynamics |
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| any free living species from invertebrate to vertebrate |
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| the application of knowledge and ethics in preservation, enhancement and regulation of wildlife resources |
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| the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. |
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| The process of rooting out and destroying completely |
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| use (a situation or person) in an unfair or selfish way |
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| Passenger pigeons needed noise of 200 pigeons for females to lay eggs. A species need their a certain number of compatriots together before they’ll nest. |
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| Has been helpful in restoration of wild turkeys |
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| protection of habitat is key to recovery of species such as wood duck (nest in large trees next to body of water - boxes for makeshift habitats were improvised to help the species find habitats for breeding. |
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| Lead shot spreads out and kills the birds better, but is consumed by the water fowl and poisons them, leads to paralysis and death (head freezing in water) |
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| 1975-1992 Not effective because the whooping cranes became biological cripples because they would try to mate with sandhill cranes |
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| key in restoring wildlife populations and protecting critical habitat. Donating around $500 million per year |
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| 1900 Fed. Gov. moved to stop market hunting. Sponsered by John. Lacey. This act prohibited the transportation of illegally killed game across state lines, curbed trafficking of plumage and other wildlife products, and initiated permit requirement for introduction of exotic animals. |
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| 1934 – marked the first time the federal government required a game license. This act came about through the efforts of J. N. "ding" Darling – the Director of the Bureau of Builogical Survey, predecessor to the U.S. Fish and wildlife Service. Among tother things, it funded the 1929 Migratory Bird Act. |
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| Federal Aid to States in Wildlife Restoration Act |
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| 1937 -- also known as the Pittman-Robertson or PR Act for wildlife research and habitat development. We need money to preserve and who is going to pay? The hunters had to contribute, they pay a tax on equipment. Federal funds are distributed based upon land area and the number of licensed hunters. |
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| Dingell-Johnson Act or DJ Act |
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| 1950 -- provided money for fisheries projects. Tax on sport-fishing. MONEY FOR THE FISHES. Taxes on fuel by lakes |
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| National Environmental Policy Act. (NEPA) |
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| 1969 -- Established environmental protection goals and measures very important to man and wildlife. Major features – Environmental Assessment (EA) and then Environmental Impact Statements (EIS); creation for President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) |
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| Federal Land Policy and Management Act (BLM Organic Act) |
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1976 -- followed six years of bitter debate.
Title Subjects
1. Lands are to be retained in Federal ownership
2. Land Management, acquisition and disposal allowed
3. BLM may use Conservation funds to obtain land
4. Established new terms for grazing leases
5. May invoke right-of-way authority on public
6. Permits for wildlife habitat management study areas
7. Repealed a host of laws on land disposal and withdrawal |
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| (1838-1914): Wildlife Naturalist, Sierra Club, preservation school of conservation, Yosemite Natl. Park. |
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| (1865-1946): Founder of American Forestry, utilitarian school of conservation, coined term "conservation". |
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| (1858-1919): 25th Pres. USA, increased federal wildlife law enforcement, began the National Wildlife Refuge & National Monuments and Antiquities systems, vastly increased the National Park system, and greatly expanded the National Forest system. |
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| (1887-1948): Founder of American Wildlife Management, books "Game Management" and "A Sand County Almanac", influential graduate students. Nations first professor of game management. He started the Wildlife Society. Think like a mountain. |
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| (1876-1962): Political cartoonist, Dir. U.S. Bureau of Biology Survey, initiated the Duck Stamp Act of 1934, began the Cooperative Wildlife Research Units (1935), helped establish the Wildlife Mgmt. Institute (1946), the National Wildlife Federation (1936) and the first N.A. Wildlife Conference (1936). |
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(1500-1849)
Columbus to industrial revolution/Civil War. Salmon choked the rivers and were pitchforked as fertilizer. |
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(1850-1899)
railroads, roads, and telgraph wires. Expansion of industry and technology, unchecked exploitation and environmental alteration, drastic decline of wildlife. War between US calvary and people trying to exploit Yellow Stone |
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(1900-1929)
Oblivious to the environmental deterioration, some were outraged by uncontrolled hunting. Two significant events: Lacey Act and Accession of Teddy Roosevelt to presidency. |
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(1930-1965)
new sources of funding. National Parks became more restrictive. GAME, not yet concerned about habitat or environment |
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| Era of Environmental Management |
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(1966-1979)
Realized it was an environment, needs protection, problems could be solved with management. |
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| Era of Environmental Compromise |
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(1980-2004)
Environmental crisis of global proportions, atmosphere is warming, serious pollution. Solutions require enormous economic sacrifices and compromise. |
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| why the things are acting in that environment the way they are |
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| ecosystems – how little, how big can a system be? infinte |
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| Physiological Ecology (chemical) |
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| components that the different ecologies have – we don’t make vitamins, we have to find minerals |
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| how do we quantify what we see |
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| Refers to that environment of the earth that extends from a few kilometers beneath the surface to a few kilometers into the atmosphere (“Gaia Hypothesis”). What is the living part of our planet? |
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| The interacting system composed of all the living organisms and their non-living environment in an area large enough to permit the characteristic exchanges of energy and perpetuation of component organisms. |
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Atmospheric (Gaseous) cycles
Major components:
1. Animal Respiration
2. Photosynthesis
3. Plant Respiration
4. Decomposition (animal and plant)
Sedimentary cycles
on crust of the earth in form of soil, dissolved water, or both |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Conservation of Energy Law: QUANTITY of energy remains the same. Energy is not created or destroyed – converts/transformed from one form to another. Energy quantity is constant |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Law of Entropy: QUALITY of energy is degraded irreversibly). Ecologists use 10% as the rule of thumb for estimating the amount of energy transferred to the next level. Heat is the primary cause of energy loss. Energy available for work is continually decreasing. Things gravitate from order to disorder. |
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A.Secondary Consumers (predators)
B.Primary Consumers (herbivores)
C.Producers (vegetation or photosynthesizers) |
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| means “feeding” refers to each level/link in a food pyramid or chain. |
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| toxins more concentrated as they move up the food chain (ex. DDT toxins were moving through the layers, accumulating until the bird eggs were too weak and were breaking.) |
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| Body size of species of warm blooded animals is greatest in the colder (latitudinal and longitundinal) part of the range and smallest in the warmest parts of the range Tied to retention of body heat. (BERGMAN – BODY) Bengal tiger is small compared to Siberian Tiger. |
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| the extremities (e.g. ears, tail, bill, etc.) of warm blooded animals are shorter in the colder parts of the range than warmer parts. Tied to heat loss. |
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| Among warm blooded animals, black pigments are most prevalent in warm and humid areas and yellow in arid areas, and reduced pigment in cooler areas |
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| refers to movements to and from, ie. Two way (dispersal is one way) generally to follow food sources. |
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if can’t migrate – dig down, can freeze to death if snow does not cover soon enough.
Subnivean – burrowing under the snow. |
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| temporary stage of rest, humming bird |
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| summer get away from heat |
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| (Adaptive hyperthermia) jim’s bock can let temperature get into the 100 and teens and then let heat off at night |
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| Organisms live within a range of tolerance, or ecological amplitude, for each of the physical and biological components of their environment |
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| Narrow range of tolerance, e.g. stenothermal. Iguana in the arctic is dead |
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| Wide range of tolerance, e.g. eurythermal. Galopogos Iguana is eury, and can go under water for 11 minutes, needed to evolve so it could have wider range. Arctic Fox doesn't shiver until 90 below and is fine up to 50 degrees. |
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| Refers to a group of interacting and inter-dependent populations of plants and animals that live in the same area. Communities show patterns in time and space (e.g. altitude). Many features of communities reflect the regional influence of climate, e.g. sagebrush-grass communities of central Wyoming show clear adaptations to strong wind and blowing snow. White-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) turn white in winter in snow covered areas in Wyoming but retain dark pelage in the shortgrass prairie of N. Colorado and S, Wyoming. |
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| A group of organisms of a single species that interact and interbreed in a common place. |
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| The basic taxonomic (measurable difference) category referring to groups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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| A geographically defined aggregate of local populations which differs taxonomically from other such subdivisions of the species. |
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| This is not a taxonomic category but refers to ecological variants within a population that are adapted to local conditions. (small differences in measurements, but DNA are the same and when interbred and switched in different locations, they change) Plains Bison and Woodland Bison |
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| A concept that refers to the unique role of each species in its ecosystem; the emphasis is on function. |
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| Niche is so important that other species depend on it (e.g. desert tortoise, jack rabbit). |
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| Competitive exclusion principle |
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Two species cannot coexist indefinitely, extinction, emigration, split the niche or, resource partitioning will occur.
“a continuous process of change in vegetation which can be sparated into a series of phases” (Tansley 1935)
Succession represents a sequence of populations that replace each other resulting in community change; this orderly progression of change is called a SERE and each of the communities characterizing succession. |
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| As the number of competitors increases, niches overlap, and niche width decrease (niche compression). |
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| The time-based sequence and process of serial development and change that usually leads to a climax community. (Primary, Secondary, Climax, Disclimax) |
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| (pioneer) – on sites previously unoccupied by living organisms; lava flows, volcanic islands. |
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| On sites where organisms existed; burned or cut areas; large changes can disturb the communities dynamics. After a wildfire. hurricane, flood, or other large disturbance. |
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| (Clements) – continuous, directional change (predictable), leading to a single, ultimate community; reaching a steady state. |
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| disturbance of a climax stage so that it is held at a “lower” level due to repeated, unpredictable events (or a new climax?). Succession disturbed or misdirected due to changes in environmental pressures. |
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| Identified by climate and vegetation, altitudinally, longitudinally |
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| Refers to different species of plants and animals that share similar structural, physiological and behavioral adaptations to different segments of the same biome in different areas of the world. e.g. The Squirrel Glider [Order marsupialia: Petaurus norfolcensis) inhabits deciduous forests of eastern Australia while the Flying Squirrel (Order Rodentia: Glaucomys sabrinus) inhabits the deciduous and coniferous forests of North America. Panda Bear and Black Bear are NOT equivalents, Panda only eats one thing; Black Bears eat everything. |
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| Analogous Characteristics: |
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| Corresponding in function, but not evolved from corresponding organs (wings on bee and wings on bird) |
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| Homologous Characteristics: |
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| Correspnding in structue and from dame genetic base, but not always in function (wing on bird vs. leg on deer) |
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a) Alpha (new)
b) Beta (hierarchy) Cladogram is the family tree/genealogy of classifying species.
c) Gamma (evolution) How did this thing come about? What was its history? How did it differentiate? |
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| A certain number of individuals per unit area. |
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| The number of births per thousand, per hundred, or per individual per year. |
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| The number of deaths per number of individuals per year (a rate). |
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| A group of individuals in a population born during a particular time period, such as a year. |
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| Potential capability of an organism to produce reproductive units, such as eggs (most emphasis), sperm, or asexual structures. (can be measured in different times, year, lifespan) |
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| A measure of reproduction. The measure of eggs that are fertile. |
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| The number of surviving offspring produced during a specific period of time, usually per year. |
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| Increment to a natural population, usually from young animals or plants entering the adult population. |
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Movement of individuals into unfamiliar locations:
a) Immigration: Movement into a given area.
b) Emigration: Movement out of a given area. |
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| Movement by a population on some regular basis (e.g. seasonally or yearly) away from and back to an area. |
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| The usually theoretical, genetically controlled, upper limit on a population's rate of increase. Also called the intrinsic rate of reproduction (r). When plotted over time, yields a "J" shaped curve. Consider the BP for the house fly (Musca domestica) for one year. |
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The maximum population an environment can sustain without causing damage such as over browsing.
Definition for management: The number of animals of one species that a unit of habitat will support (without damage) during the season of shortest supply, during the year of shortest supply.
Usually monitered by:
1)Range condition and trends
2)Population density and body condition
3)Reproduction and recruitment of species |
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A population grows according to the simple equation:
r = b – d r = rate of increase
b = birth rate
d = death rate
In populations with individuals moving in and out, the equation is:
r = (b – d) + (i – e) i = immigration rate
e = emigration rate
A rate represents a change per unit time (day, week, month, year). |
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has a formula that shows how populations grow (biotic potential or BP) without environmental resistance.
Population growth with unlimited food and space approximates a "J" shaped curve. E.g. a new species or population in a new area with abundant resources. Only occurs in nature when a population is introduced in to a NEW and Favorable environment where the species was previously absent. |
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| Logistic or Sigmoid Growth Model: |
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A density-dependent factor introduced to this equation shows how limiting factors (e.g. carrying capacity "CC") controls an intrinsic rate of growth within limits.
Example: Assume a population of 50 with an r = 0.25 in an environment with a carrying capacity of 60 (a pre-determined number based on previous years conditions, expected future conditions, available food sources). |
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| Usually live longer lives near the carrying capacity (k) of the environment. They have adapted an evolutionary strategy that favors lower rates of population growth (invest significant time in offspring survival) with a higher efficiency in their use of resources (seem more specialized in their use). Density-dependent. Examples: Primates (man), elephants, large ungulates (moose, elk, etc), and tortoise. |
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| Have a relatively shorter lifespan and produce large amounts of offspring (generally not protected or cared for). These species increase their population with no inherent feedback from the environment. The population will continue to grow until resources run out. Since the rate of increase - r (rate of increase[r] = birth[b] – death[d]) controls growth rate, they are said to be r-selected. Density-independent. Examples: insects, most fish, amphibians, small rodents. |
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| Each species has evolved a potential natality rate that tends to balance normal mortality rates. Mortality is the natural mechanism of natural selection. |
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| Density dependent mortality: |
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| refers to rates (%/time) of mortality that increase as population density increases. |
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| Density independent mortality: |
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| refers to rates (M/time) of mortality that remain the same regardless of population density. The rate may vary with environmental fluctuations such as drought and severe winter but are unrelated to increases or decreases in population density. (weather) |
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| Inversely density-dependent mortality: |
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| (uncommon) refers to rates M/time of mortality that decrease as population density increases. As the population gets bigger, mortality drops. School of fish, fish do better when they’re all close together. |
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| (replacive) One form of mortality may compensate (replace) another form of mortality but the total mortality remains the same. The argument is based on the idea that the extent of habitat resources determines the number of animals of a species that will survive and the excess animals will be removed by one mortality factor or another. |
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| Implies that each mortality factor is additive to the total for the population. Populations generally produce a surplus annually, but this may be small or even locally nonexistent under natural conditions. Once the threshold of compensatory mortality is exceeded any more mortality becomes additive. |
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Sex biased or age biased mortality where different rates are observed. We expect age biased (cohort) mortality. A sex ratio of about 50:50 at birth is the general rule among most species of vertebrates. A subsequent departure from this ratio is sex based differential mortality.
Pederson (1984) found during the winters of 1980-84 in central Utah, winter mortality of mule deer fawns showed a ratio of 156 females to 100 males (156:100). Thus the winter loss rate for females was 56 % greater than for males. |
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