7-6 million years ago

Chad

human like: smaller canines, no cp3 honing complex

may suggest bipedality

6 million years ago

earliest conclusive evidence of bipedality (angled femur and ankle construction)

5.8-5.2 mya

smaller teeth, suggests wooden environment

4.4 mya

human like: bipedal (pelvis), reduced canine, loss of cp3, minimal sexual dimorphism

ape like: divergent big toe, apelike brain size

maybe climbed trees but lacked other VCL and KW features

good for mating and breeding

his idea is wrong, but the idea that multiple features led to bipedality

sahelanthropus tchadensis, orrorin tugenensis, ar. kadabba, ar. ramidus

7-4 mya

based on fragmentary remains

human traits: reduced canines, no cp3

4.4-3.9 mya

human like: dentition is more human, bipedal (tibia)

ape like: U shaped mouth, receding chin

3.9-2.9 mya

"Lucy" complete skeleton, Laetoli trail

human like: dentition, bipedal (illiac, femur), big toe in line

ape like: still prognathic, sagittal/nuchal crests, U shaped dental arcade, large gut, funnel shaped thorax, very sexually dimorphic, adult chimp sized brains

bipedal with arboreal traits: hominids but probably spent a lot of time in trees

NO USE OF STONE TOOLS

3.5-<2 mya

"Taung Child"

South Africa, found in a sinkhole

human like: less developed nuchal cresting, chewing complex (small anterior teeth)

ape like: slightly larger than chimp brain size

3.5 mya

Kenya

lived during A. afarensis and A. africanus

human: flat face

ape: small molar teeth

2.7-2.5 mya

East Africa

cranial features are adapted to hard object feeding (maxillary muscles, large crests, big molars)

this is due to a climate change that forced them to change their diet

2.3-1.2 mya

East Africa

heavy masticating complexes, flat face

body size increases from P. aethiopicus but brain stays the same

2.5 mya

East Africa

human like: human like proportions between arms and legs, large cheek teeth

ape like: chimp sized brains, large canines, sagittal crest

FOUND NEAR EARLIEST KNOWN STONE TOOLS ASSOCIATING WITH HUNTING

2-1.5 mya

South Africa

human like: bipedal, ate a lot of animal protein

2.3-1.4 mya

East Africa

human like: bigger brain than any australopithecine, reduced facial size, parabolic dentition, no canine fossa, no supraorbital torus

australopith like: long upper limbs

FIRST USER AND MANUFACTURER OF STONE TOOLS

2.4-1.4 mya

East and South Africa

like H. habilis but with bigger brains, built for chewing

2.5 mya - 200 ka

East Africa

cores, flakes, and hammerstones

simple looking tools

important adaptive strategy: cracking open bones to eat marrow

2.4-1.4 mya

basically late australopiths (similar climates) with reduced dentition?

1.8 mya - 300 ka

East Africa, moves to SE Asia, Eastern Europe, later Western Europe

very similar to modern humans: slightly smaller than human brain size, thickenings on skull case are due to brain size increasements, small anterior teeth, more efficient at bipedality, thick arm and leg bones, less funnel shaped thorax

same as H. erectus

East Africa, moved to Asia later

no keel, rounder brain case, gap between brow ridge

1.6 mya - 200 ka

only made by homos

biface, hand axe, cleaver

start to use fire too

67-18 ka

Indonesia

Hobbits

Island dwarfism?

simple tool use

middle pleistiocene

human like: huge brains (bigger than us), round brain case, double arching brow ridges, molar sizes decrease

differences from modern humans: wide nasal apertures, large faces, thicker walled, lower cranial vaults, robust, no chin, no canine fossa

1.2 ma - ca 350 ka

Sima de los Huesos- hand axe

Gran Dolina- Cannibalism

Sima de los Elefantes- elephant bones

400 ka

spear and a mandible with scratch marks

600 ka

signs of cannibalism

150 ka - 27 ka

leave Africa for Europe and then come back

fused pulp and built teeth (for food)

no canine fossa

occipital bun

no chin

large nasal apertures

mousterian and prepared core technology

double arched brow ridge

rare hafted weapons, competent hunting

interpersonal violence, cannibalism

long term survival of sick or injured individuals

burial without grave goods

little evidence of long distance networks

use of pigments

single evolving lineage across different regions

AMHS evolved due to gene flow between regions

AMHS originated in Africa and later dispersed to occupy the OW

no gene flow/interbreeding, just replacements of existing hominins

projectile technology

fishing

personal adornment

exchange of network (beads)

belief systems?

innovative: new technology

cognitive: symbolic behavior

social: larger social networks

maternal inheritance

rapit mutation

molecular clock

humans have large brains

when did we evolve such large brains?

non human areas are not very developed, hence smaller brains

humans have enhanced connections, arcuate fasciculus

consums 16x more energy per unit mass than muscle tissue

we devote 20% of BMR to the brain, other primates do 8-10%

allows us to cope with increasingly more complex social relationships

increase in neocortex size correlates to group size

allows for selection in enhanced problem solving abilities, like navigating the environment, finding food, and processing food

extractive foraging: opening food with tools, finding hidden food

begins at birth

depends on mother for nutrition and protection

ends with weaning and eruption of permanent teeth

travel and forage independently, learns social skills

ends with sexual maturation

relatively early age at weaning

short birth interval

stacking of multiple dependent offspring

large brain + depends of multiple offspring = high energetic demands from parents

slower growth allows decreases the burden