Term
ANATOMY =
a. histology =
b. cytology = |
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Definition
ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.
a. histology = the microscopic study of tissues.
b. cytology = the microscopic study of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts. |
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Term
Life Processes distinguish living from non-living things.
Ten processes: |
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Definition
1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3. Growth
4. Reproduction
5. Respiration
6. Digestion
7. Absorption
8. Circulation
9. Assimilation
10. Excretion |
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Term
Environmental Needs:
Name 5 |
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Definition
Environmental Needs: See Table 1.2, page 6.
1. nutrients for energy
2. oxygen for cellular respiration
3. water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc.
4.heat to maintain 37oC body temp, enzyme action
5. pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| HOMEOSTASIS = the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. |
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Term
| HOMEOSTASIS - define and list the 3 next things about it |
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Definition
DEF 1 . the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
2. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis.
3. Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (see example below).
4. Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6oF/37oC.
Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c
If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with
- Sweating;
- Dilation of superficial blood vessels;
- Increase in heart rate;
- Increase in breathing rate.
If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with
- Shivering (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles;
- Inactivation of sweat glands;
- Constriction of superficial blood vessels. |
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Term
Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c
If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with
- list 4
If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with
- list 3 |
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Definition
Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c
If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with
- Sweating;
- Dilation of superficial blood vessels;
- Increase in heart rate;
- Increase in breathing rate.
If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with
- Shivering (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles;
- Inactivation of sweat glands;
- Constriction of superficial blood vessels. |
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Term
| STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION = list smallest to largest -- 9 |
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Definition
- atom (i.e. C, H, O)
- molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);
- macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
- organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes)
- cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron);
- tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);
- organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);
- organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular);
- an organism - The human organism; the most complex level of organization. |
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Term
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Definition
The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.
Atoms combine with another to form... |
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Definition
molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);
Molecules combine with another to form... |
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Definition
macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);
Macromolecules combine to form organelles |
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Definition
organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of a cell each with a particular function;
Organelles collectively compose ... cells |
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Term
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Definition
cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things!
(See the amoeba a single-celled organism in Fig 1.3, page 6.)
Similar cells are arranged into... tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);
Two or more tissues combine to form... organs |
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Definition
organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular);
The eleven organ systems collectively form the... an organism |
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Definition
| the most complex level of organization.- ex human organism |
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Term
| Two principle body cavities |
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Definition
- Dorsal - Cranial cavity, vertebral canal- cns, meninges
- Ventral - thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
* diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
CRANIAL CAVITY (belongs to dorsal cavity)
- it is the brain |
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Term
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Definition
VERTEBRAL CANAL (Dorsal Cavity)
spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
THORACIC CAVITY (VENTRAL CAVITY)
- lungs
- mediastinum
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
- thymus |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE.
b.lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity |
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Definition
| There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication. |
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Term
| Serous Membranes of the HEART (3) |
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Definition
- visceral pericardium -- The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.
- parietal pericardium-- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium.
- pericardial cavity-- The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. |
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Term
| Serous Membranes of the LUNGS |
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Definition
- visceral pleura-- The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura
- parietal pleura -- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura
- pleural cavity -- The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. |
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Term
| Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS |
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Definition
- visceral peritoneum -- The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
- parietal peritoneum -- The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum.
- peritoneal cavity -- The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, palms forward. |
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Term
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Definition
Superior = above;
Inferior = below; |
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Definition
| Anterior = front; Posterior = back; |
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Definition
| Medial = center; Lateral = side; |
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Definition
| Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; |
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Definition
| Ventral = front; Dorsal = back; |
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Definition
| Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk; |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial = surface; Deep = internal. |
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Term
| 7 pairs (opposites) that describe position |
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Definition
1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;
2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
3. Medial = center; Lateral = side;
4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail;
5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal. |
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Term
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Definition
Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.
a. midsagittal = equal right and left portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| midsagittal = equal right and left portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transverse Cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| skull = cranial (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| cephalic = head (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| axillary = armpit (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| antecubital = anterior elbow (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| carpal = wrist (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| digital=finger (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| patellar = knee cap (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal = forehead (anterior) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inguinal = groin (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| tarsle = ankle (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cervical = neck (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| brachial = upper arm (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| antebrachial = forearm (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| metacarpal = hand (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| femoral = thigh (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| buccal = cheek (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mammary = breast (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pubic = pelvic (anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| acromial = shoulder (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| gluteal = buttocks (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal = back (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| calcaneal = heel (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| olecranial = elbow (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| popliteal = back of knee (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| plantar = sole (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| lumbar = loin (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
organs in system:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
functions:
protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of Vitamin D, etc. |
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Term
Skeletal (system)
Organs in system & Functions: |
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Definition
Organs in system: Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilages
Functions: support, protection, movement, Ca++ store, hematopoiesis |
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Term
Muscular (system)
Organs in system & Functions: |
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Definition
Organs in system: Skeletal Muscles
Functions: movement, heat production |
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Term
Nervous (system)
Organs in system & Functions: |
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Definition
Organs in system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Functions: coordination of body parts; control |
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Term
Endocrine (system)
Organs in system & Functions: |
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Definition
Organs in system: Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones
Functions: maintenance of homeostasis |
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Term
Cardiovascular (system)
Organs in system & Functions: |
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Definition
Organs in system:
Heart, blood vessels
Functions:
transport of nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2 |
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Term
Lymphatic (system)
organs & function |
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Definition
organs: lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
functions: to fight infection |
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Term
Respiratory (system)
organs & function |
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Definition
organs: oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes within lungs, alveoli
functions: exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes |
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Term
Urinary (system)
organs & function |
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Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
removal of metabolic wastes from blood, maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes |
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Term
Digestive (system)
organs & function |
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Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed (for energy) |
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Term
Reproductive (system)
organs & function |
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Definition
male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, scrotum
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris
production, maintenance and transport of gametes; production of sex hormones |
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Term
| Abdominopelvic Areas - 9 areas |
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Definition
- RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
- RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
- RIGHT ILIAC REGION
- EPIGASTRIC REGION
- UMBILICAL REGION
- HYPOGASTRIC REGION
- LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
- LEFT LUMBAR REGION
- LEFT ILIAC REGION |
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Term
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Definition
- Rt upper
- Rt lower
- lt upper
- lt lower |
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